Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Digestive system divided into two groups
A
- Alimentary canal
2. Accessory digestive organs
2
Q
- mouth, pharynx, and esophagus
- stomach, small intestine and large intestine
A
Alimentary canal
3
Q
- teeth and tongue
- gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and large intestine
- connected to the alimentary canal by ducts
- secretions contribute to breakdown of food stuffs
A
Accessory digestive organs
4
Q
a serous membrane
A
peritoneum
5
Q
surrounds digestive organs
A
visceral peritoneum
6
Q
lines the body wall
A
parietal peritoneum
7
Q
a slitlike potential space
A
peritoneal cavity
8
Q
- connects to the posterior abdominal wall.
- a double layer of peritoneum
- holds organs in place
- sites of fat storage
- provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves
A
Mesentery
9
Q
binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall
A
falciform ligament (ventral mesenteries)
10
Q
attaches liver to the lesser curvature of stomach
A
lesser omentum (ventral mesenteries)
11
Q
- connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall
- a “fatty apron”
A
greater omentum (dorsal mesenteries)
12
Q
holds transverse colon in place
A
transverse mesocolon (dorsal mesenteries)
13
Q
connects the sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall
A
sigmoid mesocolon (dorsal mesenteries)
14
Q
occurs in the mouth
A
ingestion
15
Q
movement of food
A
propulsion
16
Q
major means of propulsion
A
peristalsis
17
Q
prepares food for chemical digestion
-chewing, churning food in stomach, segmentation
A
mechanical breakdown
18
Q
rhythmic local constrictions of intestine
A
segmentation
19
Q
complex molecules broken down to chemical components; mouth, stomach small intestione
A
chemical digestion
20
Q
transport of digested nutrients
A
absorption
21
Q
elimination of indigestible substances as feces
A
defecation
22
Q
4 layers from esophagus to anus
A
- inner most ; mucosa
- external to mucosa ; submucosa
- external to submucosa ; muscular externa
- outermost layer ; serosa;
23
Q
inner most layer of alimentary canal consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscular mucosa
A
mucosa
24
Q
external to the mucosa of the alimentary canal.
-contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers
A
submucosa
25
external to the submucosa of the alimentary canal ; consists of 2 layers; circular muscular (inner layer) and longitudinal muscular (outer layer)
muscular externa
26
outermost layer of the alimentary canal.
| -is the visceral peritoneum
serosa
27
- Mucosa-lined cavity
- boundaries ;
- lips anteriorly
- cheeks laterally
- palate superiorly
- tongue inferiorly
- faces of oropharynx posteriorly
mouth (oral cavity)
28
innermost layer of the GI tract. It is made up of three layers: the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The mucosa surrounds the lumen, or open space within the digestive tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme).
mucosal layer
29
formed from orbiculares iris and buccinator muscles
lips and cheeks
30
- physical digestion, vocalization and taste. made up of 2 parts; oral and pharyngeal
- interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscle
- grips food and repositions it
- helps form some consonants
the tongue
31
muscles within the tongue
intrinsic muscles
32
external to the tongue
extrinsic muscles
33
secures tongue to the floor of the mouth
lingual frenulum
34
20 teeth ; first appear at 6 months of age
deciduous teeth
35
32 teeth ; most erupt by the end of adolescense
permanent teeth
36
shorthand ; formula for adult dentition indicates number and position of teeth
dental formula
37
exposed surface of teeth
crown
38
in tooth socket
root
39
outer layer of teeth
enamel
40
underlies enamel
dentin
41
center of tooth
pulp cavity
42
produces saliva
salivary glands
43
posterior to the sublingual gland
submandibular glands
44
lie in floor of oral cavity under tongue
| -contain primarily mucous cells
sublingual glands
45
- parotid duct; parallel to zygomatic arch
| - contain only serous cells
parotid glands
46
- passages for air and food
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- external muscle layer
- consists of superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
47
- gross anatomy; musclular tube
- begins as a continuation of the pharynx
- joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm
the esophagus
48
closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus
cardiac sphincter
49
- pouch like dilation; acts as storage and place for mixing food with digestive juices before entering small intestine
- site where food is churned into chyme
- secretion of pepsin begins protein digestion
- -functions under acidic conditions
- food remains in stomach approximately 4 hours
- regions ; cardiac part, fundus, body, pyloric part
the stomach
50
longest portion of the alimentary canal
- site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption
- 3 subdivisions ; Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
- innervation
- -parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve
- -sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves
- folded multiple times
the small intestine
51
receives digestive enzymes and bile
- main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter ___
- sphincters control entry of bile and pancreatic juices
the Duodenum
52
transverse ridges of mucosa and submuocosa
circular folds
53
- fingerlike projections in the small intestines that increase the surface area.
- covered with simple columnar eptihelium (small intestine)
Villi
54
Further increase surface area for absorption (small intestine)
Microvilli
55
- Digested residue contains few nutrients
- small amount of digestion by bacteria
- main functions
- absorb water and electrolytes
- mass peristaltic movements force feces toward the rectum
the large intestine
56
large intestine divided into 5 areas
cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal
57
contains lymphoid tissue
| -neutralizes pathogens
appendix
58
divided into distinct segments
| -ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
colon
59
-descends along the inferior half of the sacrum
rectum
60
- the last subdivision of the large intestine
| - lined with stratified squamous epithelium
anal canal
61
- villi are absent
- contains numerous goblet cells
- intestinal crypts ; simple tubular glands
- lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue
- epithelium changes at anal canal
- becomes stratified squamous epithelium
microscopic anatomy of large intestine
62
- largest gland in body
- performs over 500 functions
- digestive function
- bile production
- performs many metabolic functions
- tissue great at regenerating
the liver
63
- stores and concentrates bile
- expels bile into duodenum
- bile emulsifies fats
- connects to the common bile duct.
gallbladder
64
released from enteroendocrine cells in response to fatty chyme
cholecystokinin (coal a sis to ky nin)
65
- both exocrine and endocrine functions
| - secondarily retroperitoneal
pancreas
66
produces insulin and glucagon
| -regulates blood sugar
endocrine function
67
produces most enzymes that digest food in the small intestine
- acinar cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes
- enzymes are activated in the duodenum
exocrine function
68
- extends the length of the pancreas
- joins bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla
- empties into duodenum
- arterial supply is from hepatic, splenic, and superior mesenteric arteries
main pancreatic duct
69
- erosions of the mucosa of a region of the alimentary canal
- caused by Helicobacter pylori
- acid resistant
- binds to gastric epthelium
- induces over secretion of acid and inflammation
peptic ulcers
70
occur in pyloric region of the stomach
gastric ulcers
71
occur in duodenum of the small intestines
duodenal ulcers
72
- mechanical obstruction
- adhesions, tumors, or foreign objects
- nonmechanical obstruction
- halt in peristalsis
- trauma
- intestines touched during surgery
intestinal obstruction
73
- inflammation of the intestinal wall
- crohns disease
- ulcerative colitis
inflammatory bowel disease
74
- jaundice and flulike symptons
| - major types A,B,C, and G
Viral hepatitis
75
Pancreatic ducts become blocked with mucus
- clogged ducts prevent pancreatic juices form entering small intestine
- leads to malabsorption of fats and other nutrients
cystic fibrosis and the pancreas
76
method that propels food through the digestive tract
peristalsis
77
space between the teeth and the lips and cheeks.
Vestibule
78
2 valves that control entry and exit to the stomach
1. cardiac sphincter valve
| 2. pyloric sphincter valve.
79
lymphoid tissue in the walls of the small intestine that keep the bacteria in food from entering the blood stream
peters patches
80
1. detoxifying bloodstream
2. phagocytosis of old red blood cells and some bacteria
3. produces anticoagulants such as heparin
4. filter nutrients such as sugars for storage
5. store other vitamins and minerals for body use.
more functions of liver
81
Also called "ampulla of vater" ; where pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to enter the duodenum
hepatopancreatic duct
82
specialized cell groups that produce insulin. Surround by ducts that connect to the duodenum
Islets of Langerhans
