Nervous system

Question 1

Master control and communication system.
3 overlapping functions;
1. sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body.
2. processes and interprets sensory input
3. dictates a response by activating effector organs.

Answer 1

Nervous system

Question 2

What changes detect inside or outside the body

Answer 2

stimulus

Question 3

When information is gathered by receptors

Answer 3

sensory input

Question 4

interpreting input

Answer 4

integration

Question 5

the response

Answer 5

motor output

Question 6

• Composed of brain and spinal cord.

- integrating and command center

Answer 6

Central nervous system

Question 7

• Nerves branched from brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves)
• links all regions of body to CNS

Answer 7

Peripheral Nervous system

Question 8

clusters of neuronal cell bodies

Answer 8

ganglia

Question 9

Afferent signals picked up by sensor receptors

Answer 9

sensory

Question 10

efferent signals carried away from CNS.

Also innervate muscles and glands

Answer 10

Motor

Question 11

Sensory input and motor output divided according to regions they serve

Answer 11

Somatic body region

Visceral body region

Question 12

4 main subdivisions of Somatic and visceral body regions

Answer 12

1. somatic sensory
2. visceral sensory
3. somatic motor
4. visceral motor

Question 13

Receptors spread throughout outer tube of body ; touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature; general indicates “widespread”

Answer 13

Somatic sensory

Question 14

Detect stretch in tendons and muscles

Answer 14

proprioceptive senses (somatic sensory)

Question 15

Position and movement of body in space

Answer 15

body sense

Question 16

Hearing, balance, vision, smell

Answer 16

special somatic senses

Question 17

General senses; stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger.
widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts and reproductive organs.

Answer 17

Visceral sensory

Question 18

Taste and smell

Answer 18

special visceral senses

Question 19

General ; signals contraction of skeletal muscles
under our voluntary control
often called “voluntary nervous system”

Answer 19

Somatic Motor

Question 20

• Regulates the contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle.
• makes up autonomic nervous system.
• often called “involuntary nervous system”

Answer 20

Visceral motor

Question 21

Cells are densely packed and interwined.
2 main cell types
-neurons and support cells

Answer 21

Nervous Tissue

Question 22

transmits electrical signals

Answer 22

neurons

Question 23

• neuroglia cells in CNS
• nonexcitable
• surround and wrap neurons

Answer 23

Support cells

Question 24

Basic structural unit of the nervous system.

• specialized cells conduct electrical impulses along the plasma membrane
• nerve impulse (action potential)

Answer 24

The neuron

Question 25

Longevity, do not divide, high metabolic rate

Answer 25

special characteristics of neurons

Question 26

can live and function for a lifetime

Answer 26

longevity

Question 27

fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception

Answer 27

do not divide

Question 28

require abundant oxygen and glucose | -neurons die within 5 mins without oxygen

Answer 28

high metabolic rate

Question 29

Size of cell body varies from 5 to 140 micrometers | -contains usual organelles plus other structures

Answer 29

cell body

Question 30

- bundles of intermediate filaments | - forms a network between chromatophilic bodies

Answer 30

neurofibrils

Question 31

1. neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS | 2. Neuronal cell bodies in PNS

Answer 31

1. Cell body | 2. Ganglia

Question 32

- Branches from the cell body | - transmit electrical signals toward the cell body

Answer 32

Dendrites

Question 33

extend only into the basal part of dendrites and to the base of the axon hillock -functions as receptive sites for receiving signals from other neurons

Answer 33

Chromatophilic bodies

Question 34

1. -Neurons has only one - impulse generator and conductor - transmits impulses away from cell body - chromatophilic bodies are absent - no protein synthesis in axon - Neurofilaments, actin microfilaments, and microtubules... 2. )provide strength and aids in transport of substances to and from the cell body

Answer 34

1. Axons | 2. Axonal transport

Question 35

multiple branches at end of axon

Answer 35

terminal arboration

Question 36

end in knobs

Answer 36

terminal boutons

Question 37

- generated at the initial segment of the axon | - conducted along the axon to the terminal boutons

Answer 37

nerve impulses

Question 38

released from vesicles at the terminal boutons

Answer 38

neurotransmitters

Question 39

- Site at which neurons communicate - information passed through chemical messengers - -- some info transmitted electrically through gap junctions

Answer 39

synapses

Question 40

Presynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron Synaptic vesicles synaptic cleft

Answer 40

4 synapses

Question 41

conducts signal toward a synapse

Answer 41

presynaptic neuron

Question 42

transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

Answer 42

postsynaptic neuron

Question 43

Axondendritic | Axosomatic

Answer 43

2 types of synapse

Question 44

Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another

Answer 44

axodendritic

Question 45

between axons and neuronal cell bodies

Answer 45

axosomatic

Question 46

On presynaptic side - membrane bound sacs containing neurotransmitters - mitochondria abundant in axon terminals

Answer 46

synaptic vesicles

Question 47

separates the plasma membrane of the 2 neurons

Answer 47

synaptic cleft

Question 48

4 in CNS and 2 in PNS - provide supportive functions for neurons - cover non synaptic regions of the neurons

Answer 48

6 types of neuroglia

Question 49

most cells have branching processes and a central cell body outnumbers neurons 10 to 1 make up half the mass of the brain can divide throughout life 4 types ; astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

Answer 49

neuroglia in the CNS

Question 50

most abundant glial cell type - sense when neurons release glutamate - extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy - take up and release ions to control environment around neurons - produce molecules necessary for neuronal growth - propagate calcium signals involved with memory

Answer 50

Astrocytes (CNS)

Question 51

Smallest and least abundant glial cell - phagocytes ; macrophages of the CNS - engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons - derive from blood cells called monocytes - migrate to CNS during embryonic and fetal periods

Answer 51

Microglia

Question 52

Line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain | -bear cilia - helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 52

ependymal cells

Question 53

few branches - wrap their cell processes around axons in the CNS - produce myelin sheaths in the CNS

Answer 53

oligodendrocytes

Question 54

2 types; satellite cells and Schwann cells

Answer 54

Neuroglia in the PNS

Question 55

Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

Answer 55

satellite cells

Question 56

surround axons in the PNS | -forms myelin sheath around axons of the PNS

Answer 56

Schwann cells