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biology: human anatomy mortuary science > lecture 4 tissues > Flashcards

lecture 4 tissues Flashcards

1
Q

work together in functionally related groups called tissues

A

cells

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2
Q

a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

A

tissues

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3
Q

-covers body surface or lines a body cavity
-forms parts of most glands
-functions ;
protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

A

epithelial tissue

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4
Q
  1. cellularity
  2. specialized contacts
  3. polarity
  4. support by connective tissue
A

special characteristics of epithelia

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5
Q

cells separated by minimal extracellular material

A

cellularity

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6
Q

cells joined by special junctions

A

specialized contacts

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7
Q

cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface

A

polarity

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8
Q
  • avascular but innervated

- regeneration

A

support by connective tissue

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9
Q

epithelia receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

A

avascular but innervated

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10
Q

lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division

A

regeneration

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11
Q

classifications epithelia

  • first name of tissue indicates number of cell layers
  • last name of tissue describes shape of cells
A
  1. simple epithelia
  2. stratified epithelia
  3. squamous
  4. cuboidal
  5. columnar
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12
Q

single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

A

simple epithelia

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13
Q
  • multiple layers of cells

- basal layer of cells attached to basement membrane

A

stratified epithelia

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14
Q

-single layer; flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
functions
-passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
-secretes lubricating substances in serosae
location
-renal corpuscles
-alveoli of lungs
-lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels
-lining of ventral body cavity

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

-single layer of tubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
function
-secretion and absorption
location
-kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

-single layers of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei
-some bear cilia at their apical surface
-may contain goblet cells
function
-absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
-ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
location
-Non ciliated form
-lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
-ciliated form
-lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

A

simple columnar epithelium

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17
Q

-all cells originate at basement membrane
-only tall cells reach the apical surface
-may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
-nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
–gives false impression of stratification
function
-secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
location
-non ciliated
-ducts of male reproductive tubes
-ducts of large glands
ciliated
-lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

A

pesudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

properties

  • contains 2 or more layers of cells
  • regenerate from below (basal layer)
  • major role is protection
  • named according to shape of cells at apical layer
A

stratified epithelia

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19
Q

-many layers of cells are squamous in shape
-deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
-thick epithelial tissue
–adapted for protection from abrasion
2 types- keratinized and non keratinized
function
-protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
location
-k ; forms epidermis
-nk; forms lining of mucous membranes
esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

location epidermis

  • contains the protective protein keratin
  • waterproof
  • surface cells are dead and full of keratin
A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

forms moist lining of body openings

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

-generally two layers of cube shaped cells
function
-protection
location
-forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, and largest sweat glands

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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23
Q

-several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated
function
-protection and secretion
location
-rare tissue type
-found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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24
Q

-characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous
-superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous is full
function
-permits dissension of urinary organs when they are filled with urine
location
-epithelium of urinary bladder ureters, proximal urethra

A

transitional epithelium

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25
ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid -produce hormones
endocrine glands
26
-ducts carry products to epithelial surface -includes -mucus-secreting, -sweat and oil -salivary -liver and pancreas glands
exocrine glands
27
cells that produce mucin mucin + water = mucus -protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces -goblet cells are a unicellular exocrine gland
goblet cells
28
factors binding epithelial cells together
adhesion proteins contours special cell junction
29
link plasma membranes of adjacent cells
adhesion proteins
30
of adjacent cell membranes
contours
31
also called zona occludens - close off intercellular space - found at apical region of most epithelial tissue types - prevent certain molecules from passing between cells
tight junctions
32
- also called zonula adherens | - anchoring junctions
adhesive belt junctions
33
main junction for binding cells together - scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells - cytoplasmic side of each plasma membrane has a plaque - common in cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue
desmosomes
34
passageway between two adjacent cells - lets small molecules move directly between neighboring cells - connected by hollow cylinders of protein - function of intercellular communication
gap junctions
35
-located at the boundary between the epithelium and connective tissue -noncellular supporting sheet between epithelial and connective tissue deep to it -proteins secreted by epithelial cells function -acts as a selective filter -acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate
the basal lamina
36
forms the basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular layers
37
- fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane - have a core of actin filaments that stiffen the microvillus - abundant in kidney tubules and small intestine - maximize surface across which small molecules enter or leave cells
microvilli
38
- whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes - contains a core of microtubules held together by cross-linking and radial proteins
cilia
39
``` -most diverse and abundant tissue functions -forms basis of skeleton -store and carry nutrients -surround blood vessels and nerves -lead fight against infection ```
connective tissue
40
mains classes of connective tissue
connective tissue proper cartilage bone tissue blood
41
connective tissue cells produce
extracellular matrix
42
common embryonic origin - gel like substance - cells are star shaped cells - all connective tissues arise from
mesenchyme
43
illustrates connective tissue features
loose areolar connective tissue
44
- in connective tissue proper | - make protein subunits
fibroblasts
45
secrete matrix in cartilage | -immature cartilage cells
chondroblasts
46
secrete matrix in bone
osteoblasts
47
areolar connective tissue contains
fat cells, white blood cells, and mast cells
48
extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and
fibers
49
strongest fiber | resist tensions
collagen fibers
50
bundles of special type of cartilage
reticular fibers
51
contains elastin | -recoil after stretching
elastic fibers
52
- produced by primary cell type of the tissue - usually gel like substance consisting of proteoglycans and glycosaminioglycans - cushions and protects body structures - holds tissue fluid - no blood
ground substance
53
connective tissue proper has 2 subclasses
1. loose connective | 2. dense connective
54
areolar, adipose and reticular tissue
loose connective
55
dense irregular, dense regular, and elastic tissue
dense connective tissue
56
- underlies epithelial tissue - surrounds small nerves and blood vessels - has structures and functions shared by other C.T - borders all other tissues in the body
areolar connective tissue
57
- watery fluid occupying extracellular matrix | - tissue fluid derives from blood
interstitial fluid
58
``` function -provides reserve food fuel -insulates against heat loss -supports and protects organs location -under skin -around kidneys -behind eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts -hypodermis ```
adipose tissue
59
-produces heat -occurs in babies to help thermoregulation -found in adults between scapulae sides of anterior neck anterior abdominal wall -richly vascularized; cells contain may lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria
brown adipose tissue
60
``` -network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance function -forms a soft, internal skeleton -supports other cell types location -lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen ```
reticular connective tissue
61
3 types of dense connective tissues
dense irregular connective dense regular connective elastic connective
62
resist strong pulling forces | -has more collagen than areolar connective tissue
dense connective tissue
63
-collagen fibers thick and irregularly arranged -contains some elastic fibers and fibroblasts function -withstands tension -provides structural strength location -dermis of skin -submucosa of digestive tract -fibrous capsules of joints -surround kidneys, bones, and lymph nodes
dense irregular connective tissue
64
-collagen fibers are parallel to direction of pull -fibroblasts are located between collagen fibers -contains few elastic fibers -great tensile strength -poorly vascularized -forms fascia function -attaches to muscle to bone attaches bone to bone location -tendons and ligaments -aponeuroses -fascia around muscles
dense regular connective tissue
65
``` -elastic fibers predominate function ; allows recoil after stretching location ; within walls of arteries; in certain ligaments; surround bronchial tubes ```
elastic connective tissue
66
- firm, flexible tissue - contains no blood vessels or nerves - matrix contains up to 80% waters - cell type is chondrocyte
cartilage
67
3 types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
68
-imperceptible collagen fibers (glassy) functions ; supports and reinforces ; resilient cushion ; resists repetitive stress location ; fetal skeleton; ends of long bones; costal cartilage of ribs ; cartilages of nose, trachea and larynx
hyaline cartilage
69
-similiar to hyaline cartilage -more elastic fibers in matrix functions ; maintains shape of structure ; allows great flexibility location ; supports external ear ; epiglottis
elastic cartilage
70
-matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage -thick collagen fibers predominate function ; tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock location ; intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis ; discs of knee joint
fibrocartilage
71
-bone matrix contains inorganic calcium salts; abundance of collagen fibers -osteoblasts -osteocytes function -suuports and protects organs -provides levers and attachment sites for muscles -stores calcium and other minerals -stores fat marrow is site for blood cell formation location bones
bone tissue
72
-atypical connective tissue -develops from mesenchyme -consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix -red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix -transport of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes location within blood vessels
blood tissue
73
skin
cutaneous membrane
74
-lines hollow organs that open to surface of body
mucous membranes
75
simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium lying on areolar connective tissue lines closed cavities; pleura, peritoneal, pericardial cavities -produces serous fluid
serous membrane
76
-composite tissue -contains areolar connective tissue in addition with muscle tissue muscle fibers myofilaments
muscle tissue
77
muscle cells
muscle fibers
78
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal cardiac smooth
79
-long cylindrical cells -multinucleate -obvious striations function ; voluntary movement; manipulation of environment; facial expression location ; skeletal muscles attached to bone
skeletal muscle tissue
80
-branching cells, striated -generally uninucleate -cells interdigitate at intercalated discs function ; contracts to propel blood into circulatory system location ; occurs in walls of heart
cardiac muscle tissue
81
-spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei -arranged closely to form sheets -no striations functions ; propels substances along internal passageways; involuntary control location ; mostly walls of hollow organs
smooth muscle tissue
82
-main components are brain, spinal cord and nerves -contains 2 types of cells ; neurons and neuroglia function ; transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors location ; brain, spinal cord and nerve
nervous tissue
83
- nonspecific local response | - limits damage to injury site
inflammatory response
84
- takes longer to develop and very specific | - destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection
immune response
85
-heat, redness, swelling, pain, chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate
acute inflammation
86
increases permeability of capillaries
histamine
87
accumulation of fluid - helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria - brings oxygen and nutrients from blood - brings antibodies from blood to fight infection
edema
88
replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue
regeneration
89
proliferation of scar tissue
fibrosis
90
clot is replaced by granulation tissue
organization
91
epithelial tissue, bone connective tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue and blood forming connective tissue
good to excellent ; capacity for regeneration
92
smooth muscle tissue, dense regular connective tissue
moderate ; capacity for regeneration
93
skeletal muscle tissue, cartilage
weak ; capacity for regeneration
94
cardiac muscle tissue, nervous tissue
none or almost none ; capacity for regeneration

biology: human anatomy mortuary science (23 decks)

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