urinary system

Question 1

important functions of kidneys

Answer 1

• maintain chemical consistency of blood
• filter many liters of fluid from blood
• send toxins, metabolic wastes and excess water out of body

Question 2

main waster products are 3 nitrogenous compounds

Answer 2

1. urea
2. uric acid
3. creatinine

Question 3

organs of the urinary system

Answer 3

• kidneys
• ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 4

• kidneys are red-brown in color
• located retroperitoneally
• -behind the peritoneum
• lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae

Answer 4

location of kidneys

Question 5

• average kidney is 12cm tall, 6cm wide, 3cm thick
• Hilum
• concave surface
• -vessels and nerves enter and exit

Answer 5

external anatomy of kidneys

Question 6

• capsule of dense connective tissue that surrounds the kidney
• inhibits spread of infections

Answer 6

Fibrous capsule of the kidney

Question 7

external to renal capsule

Answer 7

perirenal fat capsule of the kidney

Question 8

external to perirenal fat capsule

-contains fat

Answer 8

Renal fascia

Question 9

• renal cortex
• renal medulla
• renal pelvis

Answer 9

frontal section through kidney

Question 10

–superficial region, granular appearance

Answer 10

renal cortex

Question 11

–cone-shaped renal pyramids

Answer 11

renal medulla

Question 12

• -major calices

- -minor calices

Answer 12

renal pelvis

Question 13

• renal arteries branch into segmental arteries
• segmental arteries branch into interloper arteries
• arcuate arteries branch form interloper arteries

Answer 13

gross vasculature of the kidney

Question 14

• the functional unit of the kidney
• over 1 million ___ in each kidney
• composed of renal tubule and renal corpuscle

Answer 14

Nephron

Question 15

filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries

Answer 15

filtration

Question 16

most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed

Answer 16

resorption

Question 17

active process of removing undesirable molecules

Answer 17

secretion

Question 18

three major renal processes

Answer 18

1. filtration
2. resorption
3. secretion

Question 19

• first part of nephron

- glomerulus nd glomerular capsule

Answer 19

renal corpuscle

Question 20

tuft of capillaries

-fenestrated

Answer 20

glomerulus

Question 21

• parietal layer- simple squamous epithelium

- visceral layer- consists of podocytes

Answer 21

Glomerular capsule

Question 22

• filter that lies between blood in the glomerulus and capsular space
• consists of 3 layers
  1. fenestrated endothelium of the capillary
  2. filtration slits between foot processes of podocytes
  3. basement memebrane

Answer 22

filtration membrane

Question 23

-holds back most proteins
-allows passage of:
water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea

Answer 23

basement membrane and slit diaphragm

Question 24

• filtrate proceeds to renal tubules from glomerulus
• proximal convoluted tubule
• nephron loop
• -descending limb
• -descending thin limb
• -thick ascending limb
• distal convoluted tubule

Answer 24

renal tubule

Question 25

- receive urine from several nephrons - plays an important role in conserving body fluids - posterior pituitary secrets ADH - -increases permeability of collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules to water

Answer 25

collecting ducts of the renal tubule

Question 26

classes of nephron

Answer 26

1. cortical nephrons | 2. juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 27

85% of nephrons

Answer 27

cortical nephrons

Question 28

15% of nephrons | -contribute to kidneys ability to concentrate urine

Answer 28

juxtamdeullary nephrons

Question 29

- carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder | - oblique entry into bladder prevents back flow of urine

Answer 29

ureters

Question 30

muscular of ureters

Answer 30

1. inner longitudinal layer | 2, outer circular layer

Question 31

adventitia of ureters

Answer 31

typical connective tissue

Question 32

transitional epithelium of the ureters

Answer 32

mucosa

Question 33

- a collapsible muscular sac - stores and expels urine - -full bladder- spherical - --expands into abdominal cavity - empty bladder - - lies entirely within the pelvis

Answer 33

urinary bladder

Question 34

closed remnant of the allantois

Answer 34

urachus

Question 35

- in males - lies directly inferior to the bladder - surrounds the urethra

Answer 35

prostate

Question 36

urinary bladder composed of three layers

Answer 36

1. mucosa - transitional epithelium 2. thick muscular layer - detrusor 3. fibrous adventitia

Question 37

epithelium of the urethra

Answer 37

- transitional epithelium - -at proximal end (near bladder) - stratified and pseudo stratified columnar - - mid urthra (in males) - stratified squamous epithelium - - at the distal end (near urethral opening)

Question 38

involuntary smooth muscle in ureathra

Answer 38

internal urethral sphincter

Question 39

- voluntarily inhibits urination | - relaxes when one urinates

Answer 39

external urethral sphincter

Question 40

``` in females -3-4 cm in males 20cm in length 3 regions 1. prostatic urethra 2. intermediate part of urethra 3. spongy urethra ```

Answer 40

urethra sizes

Question 41

passes through the prostate gland in males

Answer 41

prostatic urethra

Question 42

through the urogenital diaphragm in males

Answer 42

intermediate part of urethra

Question 43

passes through the length of the penis

Answer 43

spongy urethra

Question 44

- more common in females | - burning sensation during micturition

Answer 44

urinary tract infections

Question 45

kidney stones

Answer 45

renal calculi

Question 46

3% of cancers - more common in men

Answer 46

bladder cancer

Question 47

arises from epithelial cells of uriniferous tubules

Answer 47

kidney cancer