lecture 6 bones and skeletal tissues Flashcards
1
Q
-found throughout the body
A
cartilage
2
Q
- surrounds cartilages
- resists outward pressure
- functions in growth and repair of cartilage
- consists primarily of water
- resilient tissue
- springs back to original shape
A
perichondrium
3
Q
- all cartilages share some similarities
- cell type is chondrocyte
- chondrocytes are located within lacunae
- matrix contains fibers and jelly like ground substance
A
characteristics of all types of cartilage
4
Q
- most abundant cartilage
- chondrocytes appear spherical
- collagen unit fibril is the only type of fiber in the matrix
- ground substance holds a large amount of water
- provides support through flexibility
A
hyaline cartilage
5
Q
- contains many elastic fibers
- able to tolerate repeated bending
- locations ;
- epiglottis and cartilage of external ear
A
elastic cartilage
6
Q
- resists strong compression and strong tension
- intermediate between hyaline and elastic cartilage
- location ;
- pubic symphysis, menisci of knee, annulus fibrosus
A
fibrocartilage
7
Q
-chondroblasts in surround perichondrium produce new cartilage
A
appositional growth
8
Q
chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix
A
interstitial growth
9
Q
- bones contain several types of tissues
- dominated by bone connective
- contains nervous and blood connective tissue
- contains cartilage in articular cartilages
- contatins epithelial tissue lining blood vessels
A
tissues in bone
10
Q
provide hard framework for function of bones
A
support
11
Q
skeletal muscles use bones as levers for function of bones
A
movement
12
Q
underlying organs for function of bones
A
protection
13
Q
reservoir for importnat minerals
A
mineral storage
14
Q
bone contains red marrow
A
blood cell formation
15
Q
osteoblasts secrete osteocalcin
A
energy metabolism
16
Q
- organic components
- cells, fibers, and ground substance
- inorganic components
- mineral salts that invade bony matrix
A
bone tissue characteristics
17
Q
- unique composition of matrix
- gives bone exceptional properties
- 355 organic components
- -contribute to flexibility and tensile strength
- 65% inorganic components
- provides exceptional hardness, resist compression
A
extracellular matrix
18
Q
3 types of cells that produce or maintain bone
A
- osteogenic cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
19
Q
stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
A
osteogenic cells
20
Q
actively produce and secrete bone matrix
A
osteoblasts
21
Q
bone matrix called
A
osteoid
22
Q
keep bone matrix healthy
A
osteocytes
23
Q
- found in bone tissue
- responsible for resorption of bone
- are derived from a line of white blood cells
- secrete hydrochloric acid and lysosomal enzymes
A
osteoclasts
24
Q
longer than wide ; a shaft plus ends
A
long bones
25
roughly cube shaped bones
short bones
26
thin and flattened; usually curved
flat bones
27
various shapes; do not fit into other categories
irregular bones
28
dense outer layer of bone
compact bone
29
internal network of bone and trabeculae
spongy bone
30
little beams of bone
| -open spaces between trabeculae are filled with marrow
trabeculae
31
shaft of a bone
diaphysis
32
ends of a bone
epiphyses
33
well vascularized
blood vessels
34
hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow
medullary cavity
35
periosteum, perforating collagen fiber bundles (sharpeys fibers) and endosteum
membranes
36
3 broad categories of bone markings
1. projections for muscle attachments
2. surfaces that form joints
3. depressions and opening
37
- cancellous bone of the skeleton is replaced every 3-4 years
- compact bone replaced every 10 years
- bone matrix and osteocytes are continually removed and replaced
bone remodeling
38
- accomplished by osteoblasts for bone remodeling
| - osteoblasts lay down osteoid and the calcium salts crystallize in about a week.
bone deposition
39
- accomplished by osteoclasts for bone remodeling
- osteoclasts are giant cells with many nuclei
- take up dead osteocytes and collagen by phagocytosis.
bone resorption
40
- characterized by low bone mass
- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition
- occurs most often in women after menopause
osteoporosis
41
-occurs in adults ; bones are inadequately mineralized
osteomalacia
42
occurs in children ; analogous to osteomalacia
rickets
43
-form of bone cancer
osteosarcoma
44
- skeleton grows until 18-21
- in children ; bone formation exceeds rate of bone reabsorption
- in young adults, bone formation and bone reabsorption are in balance
- in old age; reabsorption predominates
- bone mass declines with age
skeleton throughout life
45
a membrane around the bone. has 2 layers ; superficial and deep
periosteum
46
-dense irregular connective tissue to help resist tension
superficial layer
47
is osteogenic makes osteoblasts and osteoclasts the site for bone remodeling
deep layer
48
-connected or anchored to the bone by perforating collagen fiber bundles
sharpeys fibers
49
inside the bone; covers the trabeculae and lines the central canals of the osteons.
endosteum
50
also called "Haversian systems" ; long cylindrical structures that run parallel to the long axis of the bone.
osteon
51
tubes inside tubes
lamella
52
-also called Haversian canals; runs through center of each osteon, contains arteries, veins and nerves. lined with endosteum
central canal
53
-also called "volksmanns canal" -makes right angles to the central canal.
perforating canal
54
small tubes that connect to the lacunae that the osteocytes sit in
canaliculi
55
leftover osteon that have cut apart by bone remodeling
interstitial lamellae
56
occur on internal and external surface of the compact bone. extend over the entire circumference of the diaphysis
circumferential lamellae
57
bones heal in 4 steps. reduction is the realignment of the bones. closed reduction is the coaxing of bone back into place. open reduction is using pins and wires to set the bones
bone fractures
58
bone fracture steps
1. hematoma formation
2. fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. bony callus formation
4. bone remodeling
