Pathology for PTA > Digestive System: Ch 19 > Flashcards

Digestive System: Ch 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 main purposes of the digestive system

A

◆ Break down food into simple substances for absorption
◆ Eliminate wastes from the body

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2
Q

alimentary canal

A

◆ Entire pathway that food travels
◆ Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines

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3
Q

GI tract consists of

A

stomach and intestines

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4
Q

uncoiled length of the intestines

A

30 ft

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5
Q

pancreas location

A

Extends horizontally across the
posterior abdominal wall
◆ In the C-shaped curve of the duodenum

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6
Q

the pancreas is a

A

endocrine and exocrine gland

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7
Q

exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Secretes digestive
pancreatic juice & Facilitates digestion

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8
Q

endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Regulates blood
sugar

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9
Q

liver location

A

Lies in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity, slightly
inferior to the diaphragm

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10
Q

hepatic lobules

A

The functional units of the liver

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11
Q

liver functions

A

◆ Most important: Protein Metabolism
◆ Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, cholesterol
◆ Helps maintain blood glucose concentration
◆ Oxidizes fatty acids
◆ Stores vitamins, iron, glycogen

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12
Q

gallbladder location

A

Lies in a depression on the liver’s inferior surface

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13
Q

function of the gallbladder

A

It stores bile between meals
◆Contracts to release bile into the small intestine
◆Reabsorbs water to concentrate bile

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14
Q

emulsification

A

Bile salts aid digestive enzymes & break down fat globules into
smaller droplets

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15
Q

symptoms of digestive disorders

A

Bleeding, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, heartburn,
incontinence, nausea, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, weight changes

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16
Q

esophageal varices

A

Dilated varicose veins in the esophagus

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17
Q

esophageal varices is caused by

A

high pressure

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18
Q

symptoms of esophageal varices

A

vomiting of blood, black stools

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19
Q

hiatal hernia

A

A sliding of part of the stomach into the chest cavity through
the hole in the diaphragm

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20
Q

where the esophagus passes to the stomach

A

diaphragm
- part of the stomach is past the diaphragm

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21
Q

hiatal hernia occurs more often

A

in older patients due to weakening of the
cardiac sphincter

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22
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Inflammation of tissue at the lower end of the
esophagus

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23
Q

GERD is caused by

A

backflow of stomach acid through the
cardiac sphincter

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24
Q

GERD causes a

A

burning sensation in the epigastric area
(Heartburn)

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25
esophageal cancer: 2 types
- squamous cell carcinoma - adenocarcinoma
26
symptoms of esophageal cancer
Dysphagia, anorexia, fatigue, weight loss, pain with swallowing
27
esophageal cancer typically
metastasizes before diagnosis
28
stomach diseases
often causes pain, especially after eating ◆Mild gastritis ◆Peptic ulcer ◆Cancer of the stomach
29
stomach diseases: incidence increases with
age
30
gastritis
An inflammation of the stomach (Acute or chronic)
31
symptoms of gastritis
Abdominal pain, belching, nausea, vomiting
32
causes of gastritis
NSAIDS, Alcohol consumption, Smoking ◆ Bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori
33
ulcer
Eroded area of tissue ◆ Crater like appearance
34
peptic ulcer
chronic form
35
gastric ulcer
stomach
36
duodenal ulcer
duodenum
37
peptic ulcer may be caused by
the action of pepsin (a digestive enzyme)
38
most peptic ulcers are associated with
H. Pylori
39
peptic ulcer: pain caused by
hydrochloric acid irritating the ulcerated area
40
cancer of the stomach
A Major cause of cancer death worldwide
41
black stool indicates
blood in the GI tract
42
cancer of the stomach is more common in
countries outside of the United States
43
cancer of the stomach may be related to
Food additives, Foods that are pickled, salted, or smoked, Cigarette smoking
44
symptoms of stomach cancer
Symptoms usually do not appear until late in its development
45
gastroenteritis
An inflammation of the stomach & intestines
46
causes of gastroenteritis
Bacteria or their toxins, parasites, viruses, tainted food, allergic reactions, stress, lactose intolerance
47
enteritis
Describes inflammation of the small intestine
48
symptoms of gastroenteritis occur
quickly
49
symptoms of gastroenteritis
◆ Nausea, Vomiting, Abdominal cramping, Malaise ◆ Diarrhea (Leading to fluid and electrolyte loss), Stomach rumbling
50
inguinal hernia
A pouching of the small intestine & peritoneum into the groin
51
symptoms of inguinal hernia
Bulge in the groin or scrotum ◆Aggravated with lifting & bending ◆Relieved by lying down
52
causes of inguinal hernia
Congenital conditions or weakness in the abdominal wall
53
malabsorption syndrome
Occurs when the small intestine cannot adequately absorb nutrients ◆Especially lipids & minerals
54
symptoms of malabsorption syndrome
Anemia, diarrhea, edema, muscle cramping, weight loss, heart arrhythmias, blood clotting disorders
55
causes of malabsorption syndrome
◆Cystic fibrosis, diabetes mellitus ◆Lactose intolerance, pancreatic deficiencies ◆Gluten enteropathy
56
regional enteritis (Crohn's disease)
Chronic inflammatory disease that affects the intestinal wall
57
crohn's disease is characterized by
periods of remission and exacerbation ◆ Inflammation & ulceration of the bowel mucosa, with marked thickening & scarring of the bowel wall
58
crohn's disease: initially classified as
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
59
symptoms of crohn's disease
Anorexia, abdominal pain, flatulence, constipation, diarrhea
60
intestinal obstruction
Can be due to a blockage, disease, or ileus
61
intestinal obstruction: causes of blockage
◆ Adhesions, hernias, volvulus (twisting of the colon) ◆ Intussusception ● Twisting enough to “telescope” back on itself
62
symptoms of intestinal obstruction
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, distention
63
appendicitis
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
64
a primarily lymphoid structure
appendix
65
cause of appendicitis
Infection or obstruction due to bacteria-laden fecal contents
66
characteristic of appendicitis
Abdominal Pain initially, then shifts to the lower right quadrant
67
symptoms of appendicitis
Nausea, vomiting, fever, & leukocytosis
68
appendicitis: if the appendix ruptures,
pain may decrease
69
appendicitis: ___________ may develop
peritonitis
70
appendicitis can be
fatal is not treated by antibiotics
71
appendicitis can cause
Kidney stones, Pelvic inflammatory disease, Pancreatitis
72
peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum ◆ Fluid accumulates in peritoneal space, causes hyperemic & edematous states
73
causes of peritonitis
Organisms from the blood or genital tract ◆ Contamination by GI secretions from perforations of GI tract
74
Diverticulosis
Small pouches (diverticula) develop in the colon
75
Diverticulosis may be asymptomatic until
the pouches are packed with fecal material
76
diverticulosis: once they become inflamed it becomes
Diverticulitis
77
Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis is linked to
increased age, poor physical activity, bowel & dietary habits
78
symptoms of diverticulitis and diverticulosis
cramping and abdominal pain
79
dysentery
Various GI disorders that cause acute inflammation
80
dysentery is common in
underdeveloped countries
81
symptoms of dysentery
Severe abdominal pain, cramping, and bloody or watery diarrhea
82
dysentery is caused by
contaminated food or water
83
irritable bowel syndrome (spastic colon)
IBS may be related to stress, spicy food, alcohol, caffeine, certain food seasonings
84
most common disorder of the intestines
IBS
85
symptoms of IBS
Abdominal pain, altered motility, constipation, diarrhea
86
ulcerative colitis
A chronic inflammation of the colon - may increase the risk of developing colon cancer
87
ulcerative colitis causes
inflammation & ulcers in the lining of the colon + rectum
88
ulcerative colitis appears to be related to
stress, autoimmune disorders, diet, heredity
89
colorectal cancer
Adenocarcinoma arising from the mucosal lining ◆ Usually spreads to the liver
90
colorectal cancer may be linked to
familial history of colon polyps, ulcerative colitis ▪ A diet that is high in red meat and low in fiber
91
symptoms of colorectal cancer
Constipation, diarrhea, blood in stool, pencil- sized stool, anemia, abdominal discomfort, obstruction
92
hemorrhoids
Internal or external varicose veins in the rectum
93
hemorrhoids is caused by
pressure
94
external hemorrhoids
Diagnosed by digital rectal exam
95
internal hemorrhoids
Inspection with an anoscope or proctoscope
96
symptoms of hemorrhoids
Bleeding with bowel movements, Itching, Rectal pain
97
The liver is the largest solid body organ, involved in:
Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Blood clotting, Synthesis of chemicals, Storage of nutrients
98
primary symptom of liver disease
Jaundice, a yellowish discoloration of the skin and sclera of the eyes
99
liver disease is caused by
high levels of bilirubin
100
liver disease is created by the
breakdown of heme (the main component of hemoglobin)
101
cirrhosis
A chronic, irreversible degenerative disease
102
cirrhosis is related to
chronic alcoholism or congestive heart failure
103
cirrhosis causes
normal liver cells to be replaced with fibrous, non- functioning scar tissue
104
the cirrhotic liver appears to be
covered in nodules
105
Varicosities
Varicose veins
106
Varicosities: usually in
the esophagus
107
Varicosities: when occurring across the front of the abdomen, they are called
caput medusae
108
Splenomegaly
Enlarged spleen
109
GI hemorrhage
Caused by thrombocytopenia and the liver’s inability to secrete blood proteins for clotting
110
ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity
111
Edema: due to
liver failure
112
jaundice
Yellowish discoloration resulting from bile duct obstruction due to cirrhosis
113
altered sex hormone metabolism
Males may develop characteristics related to excessive estrogen
114
hepatic encephalopathy
Nitrogenous waste products can circulate in the blood to affect the brain
115
portal hypertension
Elevated pressure in the portal vein
116
portal hypertension causes
Cirrhosis, schistosomiasis, hepatic vascular abnormalities
117
portal hypertension: may develop into
esophageal varices, multi-system encephalopathy
118
symptoms of portal hypertension
Acute variceal bleeding, ascites, splenomegaly
119
hepatic encephalopathy
Altered levels of consciousness due to liver failure
120
More than 40% of patients with cirrhosis develop _______ ___________ (usually living for less than 1 year)
hepatic encephalopathy
121
symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy
◆Forgetfulness, confusion, irritability, sleep abnormalities ◆Lethargy, personal chances, and eventual coma
122
fatty liver
Accumulation of fat in the liver cells
123
fatty liver may occur because of
metabolic disruptions causing fat globules to accumulate in the cytoplasm of liver cells
124
fatty liver is usually due to
excessive alcohol use
125
fatty liver is reversible once
alcohol consumption ceases
126
ascites
Free fluid in the peritoneal cavity - half of pts die within 2 years
127
ascites is usually caused by
portal hypertension
128
a major complication of cirrhosis (50% of pts)
ascites
129
ascites: increased
abdominal girth, weight gain
130
hepatorenal syndrome
A life-threatening condition ◆Rapid deterioration in kidney function
131
hepatorenal syndrome: related to
cirrhosis or liver failure
132
hepatorenal syndrome: usually ______ unless a liver transplant is performed
fatal
133
hepatorenal syndrome is characterized by
rapid, progressive kidney failure
134
definitive treatment of hepatorenal syndrome
liver transplant
135
hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver leading to abnormal function and other disease states
136
6 main viral types of hepatitis
- hep A (HAV) - hep B (HBV) - hep C (HCV) - hep D (HDV) - hep E (HEV) - hep G (HGV)
137
HAV
The least serious form
138
HBV
Serum hepatitis
139
HCV
Similar to hepatitis A, ○ But attacks RNA of cells instead of their DNA
140
HDV
delta virus
141
HEV
Does not result in chronic hepatitis
142
HGV
Newly discovered ○ Caused by transfused blood ○ May be transferred through pregnancy or sexual intercourse
143
hep A
➔98% of patients recover ➔Spread by the fecal–oral route ➔Never leads to chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis ➔HAV vaccine should be received by anyone living or traveling in areas of poor sanitation and overcrowding
144
hep B: incubation period varies from
6 weeks to 4 months
145
hep B: in recovery,
Corresponding antibody (anti-HBe) often appears with surface antigen (anti-HBs)
146
hep B is spread by
contact with saliva, feces, urine, or semen, or across the placenta
147
Asexually transmitted disease that is 100 times more infectious than HIV
hep B
148
hep B can be carried throughout life, leading to
chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis attacking cell DNA
149
causes most "post-transfusion" hepatitis
hep C
150
hep C is most likely to cause chronic
hepatitis and cirrhosis of all the various forms
151
hep C agents
➔There are no agents that can protect a patient exposed to this disease ➔There is no available immunizing agent
152
nearly ___% of the world population has HCV
3
153
hep D
➔Requires HBV to be present so that it can replicate ➔Together, HBV and HDV (delta virus) can cause worsened symptoms
154
hep E
➔Often spread because of water contaminated with fecal matter ➔Does not in result in chronic hepatitis ◆But can be fatal to pregnant women
155
often, pts with HGV also have either _____ or ____ as well
HBV or HCV
156
when diagnosed, HGV usually causes
mild symptoms, and is of short duration
157
hep G has the potential to
be carried throughout life
158
viral hepatitis sypmtoms
Jaundice, anorexia, malaise, fever, myalgia, abdominal pain, high fever, various hemorrhages, confusion, stupor, coma, and death
159
hepatitis may be caused by
Viruses, drugs, toxic substances, and alcoholism
160
the most prevalent liver disease in the world
viral hepatitis
161
chronic hepatitis
➔Develops in one-fourth of patients, often causing cirrhosis ➔Lasts for more than 6 months ➔Much less common than acute hepatitis
162
symptoms of chronic hepatitis
◆Cirrhosis and its complications, malaise, anorexia ◆Fatigue, fever, abdominal discomfort
163
fulminant hepatitis
➔Acute, causing extensive liver necrosis ➔Decrease in liver size: acute yellow atrophy ➔Rare but very serious
164
symptoms of fulminant hepatitis
◆Quickly developing encephalopathy, coma ◆Cerebral edema, coagulopathy, renal failure
165
drugs such as statins can raise
liver enzymes
166
Hepatotoxicity Due to Drugs risks
Age 18 or older, obesity, pregnancy, alcoholism, genetic polymorphisms
167
symptoms of hepatoxicity
◆Malaise, nausea, anorexia, jaundice, ◆Impaired hepatic synthesis, encephalopathy
168
liver cancer is usually discovered when
it is already at late or end stage
169
liver cancer in the US is often related to
hep B and chronic liver disease
170
liver cancer may spread via
portal venous blood or hepatic artery
171
liver injuries: primary immediate consequence
hemorrhage
172
liver injury: mortality is significant is injury is
high-grade
173
symptoms of liver injuries
Abdominal pain, tenderness, distention
174
liver abscess
A mass inside the liver that fills with pus
175
liver abscess is often caused by
appendicitis or diverticulitis
176
_________ abscesses make up 80% of cases
pyogenic
177
Common symptoms of gallbladder disease
Right-sided abdominal pain that occurs after a meal containing fat
178
cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
179
cholecystitis is often caused by
by a gallstone obstructing bile flow
180
complications of cholecystitis
▪ Rupture of the gallbladder and potential peritonitis ▪ Bile backup into the liver ▪ Potential liver damage and cirrhosis
181
cholelithiasis
The presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts ◆ Formed from cholesterol and bile salts ◆ Provokes symptoms by blocking outflow of the gallbladder or ducts
182
symptoms of cholelithiasis
Nausea, vomiting, upper right abdominal pain after fatty meals, complications such as cholecystitis and jaundice
183
cholelithiasis is based on the "five Fs"
◆ Female gender ◆ Fair complexion ◆ Fat or obese body state ◆ Forty years of age or older FIGURE 19-9 Opened gallbladder filled with gallstones - Fertile state or having already had children
184
the pancreas secretes most of the body's
digestive enzymes, hormones, intestinal juices
185
Small clusters of cells (______ ___ ___________) throughout the pancreas secrete hormones (_______ and ________) directly into the bloodstream
islets of Langerhans; glucagon and insulin
186
important pancreatic diseases
Pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus, and hypoglycemia
187
pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas (Potentially fatal)
188
Pancreatic digestive enzymes may cause
autodigestion ◆Leading to hemorrhaging
189
acute pancreatitis
causes radiating pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating, tachycardia
190
chronic pancreatitis
may cause constant back pain, similar symptoms to the acute form
191
pancreatitis is often caused by
alcoholism, may be caused by gallstones, or be of idiopathic origin
192
pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed as an
adenocarcinoma in the head of the pancreas (Spreads very rapidly)
193
Pancreatic Cancer: symptoms usually occur only after
metastasis has occurred
194
symptoms of pancreatic cancer
Abdominal and back pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and weakness
195
pancreatic cancer is of unknown origin but may be related to
high coffee consumption, cigarette smoking, exposure to chemicals, high-fat diet
196
test 4 is 45 questions - 1 multiple choice - 1 matching - 2 true/false - 10 from this lecture - 10 from male lecture - 10 from female - 15 from pediatrics
Pathology for PTA
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