Pathology for PTA > Urinary System: Ch 20 > Flashcards

Urinary System: Ch 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

urinary system functions

A

to excrete
urine and reabsorbs
electrolytes, water and
various compounds.
*Maintains Homeostasis

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2
Q

the urinary system is made up of

A

◆ 2 Kidneys
◆ 2 Ureters
◆ 1 Bladder
◆ 1 Urethra

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3
Q

the kidneys lie behind the ___________ in the ________ area

A

peritoneum/lumbar
(retroperitoneally)

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4
Q

how large is the kidney

A

approx the size of an adult male’s fist

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5
Q

each kidney contains ___________ microscopic filtering units (nephrons)

A

1 million

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6
Q

each nephron consists of a

A

◆ Bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule)
◆ Proximal convoluted tubule
◆ Loop of Henle
◆ Distal convoluted tubule
◆ Collecting duct

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7
Q

kidneys excrete urine to maintain

A

homeostasis

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8
Q

the kidneys regulate body fluid:

A

Volume, Electrolyte concentration, Acid–base balance

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9
Q

other functions of the kidneys

A

◆ Detoxify the blood
◆ Eliminate wastes
◆ Regulate blood pressure
◆ Support red blood cell production (erythropoiesis)

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10
Q

ureters

A

Tubules running from the kidneys to the bladder
◆ Transporting urine from the renal pelvis

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11
Q

the bladder is __________, able to expand and contract: holds up to _________ of urine

A

muscular; 500 mL

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12
Q

micturition

A

Urination, The process of voiding (emptying) the
bladder

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13
Q

the urethra runs from

A

the bladder to the external openign

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14
Q

males vs females urethra

A

males are much longer

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15
Q

urine is usually

A

clear, slightly yellow to almost gold in color

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16
Q

urine has a distinct

A

odor, but this is usually not foul-smelling unless there is a present disease

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17
Q

the normal specific gravity of urine is between

A

1.005 and 1.030

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18
Q

pH of urine

A

about 6

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19
Q

anuria

A

no urine output

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20
Q

dysuria

A

difficulty or pain when urinating

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21
Q

frequency

A

urinating frequently

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22
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

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23
Q

nocturia

A

increased voiding during the night

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24
Q

oliguria

A

decreased urine output

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25
proteinuria
protein in the urine
26
pyuria
pus in the urine
27
urgency
the need to urinate immediately
28
urinalysis
Checks for pH, specific gravity, protein, glucose, sugar, or blood
29
urine culture and sensitivity (C & S) test
Checks for an abnormal number of white cells or bacteria
30
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
Determines urea nitrogen or waste product levels in the blood
31
creatinine clearance test
Determines ability of the renal glomeruli to filter creatinine out of the blood
32
radiographic urinary tests can be done such as the
Kidneys-ureter-bladder (KUB), Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) and Cystogram tests
33
cytoscopy
Used to look inside the urethra & bladder ◆ With a lighted scope
34
biopsies
To diagnose kidney and bladder diseases
35
catheterization
The urinary bladder may require catheterization to instill fluids or medication into the bladder, or for the removal of urine
36
in and out catheterization
A temporary procedure wherein the catheter is removed as soon as urine is drained
37
indwelling catheter
Placed into the urinary bladder for a longer period of time
38
suprapubic catheter
Inserted surgically through the pelvis wall
39
urinary tract infections
Any disease of the urinary tract ◆ Including the kidneys, bladder, and urethra
40
common forms of urinary tract infections
◆ Cystitis ◆ Pyelitis ◆ Pyelonephritis ◆ Urethritis
41
urinary tract infections are common for
an older pt with a UTI to have cognitive changes
42
UTI's are most often caused by ___________ ________ which is part of the normal intestinal flora
escherichia coli
43
cystitis
More commonly referred to as a “bladder infection” ◆ Often recurs
44
cystitis is often caused by
caused by bacterial infection
45
pyelitis
Bacterial infection of the Renal Pelvis and Calyces (cavities in the kidneys where urine passes)
46
pyelitis primarily affects
younger females
47
pyelitis usually result of an
ascending infection from the bladder
48
pyelitis can also be a ___________ infection
hematogenous (carried by the blood)
49
pyelitis requires
rapid diagnosis and treatment in order to keep it from causing pyelonephritis
50
pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the nephrons of the kidneys
51
pyelonephritis causes
Either an ascending or hematogenous infection
52
causative factors of pyelonephritis
pregnancy, prostate enlargement, stones, or tumors
53
what is the most influential cause
E. coli
54
pyelonephritis: risks are increased by
obstruction or urine flow blockage
55
pyelonephritis can be
acute or chronic
56
pyelonephritis: abscesses form & rupture inside 1 or both kidneys, causing
pus to form which leads to pyuria
57
symptoms of pyelonephritis
Fever, Chills, Flank pain, Hematuria
58
repeat occurrence of pyelonephritis leads to
scarring, uremia and kidney failure (more common in females)
59
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
60
urethritis is typically caused by an
infection
61
urethritis most common by
STD
62
kidney disease
Affect the ability to filter the blood ◆ Can lead to serious effects on all body systems
63
nephrotic syndrome
A group of conditions: Result from increased glomerular permeability to plasma proteins
64
nephrotic syndrome results from
antibody-antigen complexes lodging in the glomerular membrane
65
nephrotic syndrome can be
primary or secondary to diseases such as diabetes mellitus hep B and others
66
nephrotic syndrome originates from a
change in glomerular membranes that cause increased permeability to plasma proteins
67
characteristics of nephrotic syndrome
Massive proteinuria and lipiduria, General edema appears in the lower extremity, Hyperlipidemia
68
nephrotic syndrome can result in
Pulmonary Edema, Dyspnea, Pleural Effusion and problems with the respiratory diagram
69
edema results from
◆ Salt and water retention ◆ Loss of serum albumin
70
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
accounts for most cases of acute renal failure ➔ It damages the tubular segment of the nephrons ◆ Mortality ranging between 40% and 70%
71
ATN results from
ischemic nephrotoxic injury
72
acute glomerulonephritis
An inflammation of the glomerulus (filtering unit) of the kidney ◆ Most common form of kidney disease
73
acute glomerulonephritis results from
previous streptococcal respiratory tract infection, impetigo, scarlet fever, & lipoid nephrosis
74
acute glomerulonephritis: urinalysis
Shows RBCs, WBCs, & increased protein ◆ Confirmation: Ultrasound, X-rays, CT scan, or renal biopsy
75
chronic glomerulonephritis occurs because
of progressive glomeruli destruction ◆ May occur because of repeat attacks of the acute form
76
chronic glomerulonephritis can lead to
Chronic kidney failure, End-stage kidney disease, Chronic hypertension
77
nephrosclerosis
Excessive vascular changes cause walls of arterioles + small arteries to harden & narrow/occlude the lumina of the blood vessels
78
nephrosclerosis is often
asymptomatic
79
hydronephrosis
A collection of urine in the renal pelvis because of an obstruction ◆ The pelvis becomes dilated & distended
80
hydronephrosis: whats affected and it results in
one or both kidneys may be affected ◆ Resulting in flank pain, loin pain, anuria, or uremia
81
hydronephrosis may occur due to
◆ Congenital urinary defects ◆ Kidney stones ◆ Enlarged prostate ◆ Tumors ◆ Urinary tract infections
82
hydronephrosis blood test
Electrolyte imbalance & elevated creatinine ◆ Pyelogram confirms diagnosis
83
polycystic kidney disease
An inherited disorder characterized by multiple, bilateral grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that enlarge the kidneys - compresses and eventually replacing functioning renal tissue
84
PKD: if a parents has the disease the children have a
50% of inheriting it
85
PKD is a
slowly progressing disease
86
PKD usually begins in
teenagers and young adults
87
PKD: leading to renal failure by ages
30-40
88
renal calculi
- "kidney stones" - often made of calcium salts - vary in location, number and size
89
cause of kidney stones
unknown - May be related to chronic UTIs, dehydration, immobility, prolonged bed rest
90
renal failure
The kidneys’ inability to cleanse the blood of wastes ◆ Can be acute or chronic
91
acute renal failure is caused by
Embolism, shock, dehydration, congestive heart failure, stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate
92
high levels of _______ causes uremia
urea
93
as urea is converted to ammonia it has
toxic effects on the entire body
94
symptoms of renal failure
◆ Drowsiness, confusion, visual disturbances, convulsion ◆ Urine smell of the breath, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
95
dialysis
process of cleaning the blood of waste products
96
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
◆ Self-dialysis using gravity to drain fluid through a permanently connected catheter into a bag worn around the waist ◆ Usually several times per da
97
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
Requires a “cycling” machine working as the patient sleeps
98
intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD)
Performed several times a week in a medical clinic
99
renal cancer
relatively uncommon
100
most common type of renal cancer
renal cell adenocarcinoma/ carcinoma
101
hemodialysis
most common - more preferred way - unknown origin
102
renal cancer usually affects
men older than age 55
103
symptoms with renal cell carcinoma
◆ Hematuria without pain, palpable mass, weight loss ◆ Anemia, hypertension, and fever
104
causes of obstruction can include
- Neurogenic and anatomic alteration. Or a combo of both - Related to bladder filling or emptying problems
105
urinary incontinence
The loss of control of urine flow
106
urinary incontinence affects
females > males
107
overflow incontinence
Bladder does not properly empty & leaks when overfilled
108
stress incontinence
Urine cannot be held when coughing, laughing, or sneezing
109
urge incontinence
A sudden uncontrollable urge to empty the bladder
110
functional incontinence
Normal bladder function but unable to reach bathroom or remove clothing due to other cause – Ex - arthritis
111
female incontinence causes
Childbirth, pregnancy, hysterectomy, menopause
112
male incontinence causes
enlarged prostate or prostate surgery
113
bladder cancer
Malignant tumors of the urinary bladder
114
bladder cancer commonly arises from
transitional epithelium that lines the bladder in the trigone area (Males > 60y/o)
115
bladder cancer may be linked to
Cigarette smoking, Industrial chemicals, such as dyes/rubber/aluminum, Recurrent infections, Heavy use of analgesics
116
bladder cancer symptoms
Hematuria, dysuria, nocturia, frequency, infection
117
bladder cancer stages
4 + invasive
118
bladder cancer: T1
in bladder, mm not invaded
119
bladder cancer: T2
muscle involved
120
bladder cancer: T3
invade beyond bladder wall but not other organs
121
telltale sign of cancer
pain in the night that wakes them up
122
bladder cancer: T4
locally invasive to structures outside bladder
123
invasive bladder cancer
potential to metastasize
124
neurogenic bladder
Dysfunction caused by injury to a part of the nervous system controlling the bladder or urinary tract
125
neurogenic bladder symptoms
◆ Lack of feeling the need to void, or having it constantly ◆ Incontinence; Inability or difficulty in emptying the bladder ◆ Bladder spasms
126
neurogenic bladder may related to
◆ Spinal cord injury above T12, strokes, herniated disks, tumors, Brain tumors ◆ Dementia, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis
127
straddle injuries usually occur
when an individual falls while in a straddling position - often damage to urethra
128
straddle injuries usually affect
males > female
129
Goodpasture's syndrome
An autoimmune disorder wherein the body’s own antibodies attack the kidney membranes as well as the lungs
130
symptoms of goodpasture's syndrome
Chest pain, dyspnea, anemia ◆ Glomerulonephritis, pulmonary hemorrhage, hemoptysis
131
Goodpasture's syndrome may be triggered by
◆ A respiratory infection of viral origin ◆ Inhaling hydrocarbon solvents
132
goodpasture's syndrome usually affects
younger males
133
goodpasture's syndrome can lead to
renal failure and death
134
interstitial cystitis
A chronic, nonbacterial condition involving inflammation of the inner lining of the bladder
135
interstitial cystitis usually affects
young women
136
symptoms of interstitial cystitis
◆ Bladder inflammation and swelling ◆ Need to urinate frequently, hematuria, pain ◆ Fullness, and urgency
137
interstitial cystitis is believed to be caused by an
autoimmune disorder
138
exercise that strengthens the pelvic floor
Kegel
Pathology for PTA
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