Pathology for PTA > Immune Response: Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Immune Response: Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

immune system recognizes and removes ______________ and stores the response in its __________

A

foreign materials/memory cells

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2
Q

immune system components

A

lymphoid structures, immune cells, tissues concerned with immune cell development

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3
Q

lymphocytes

A

originate in bone marrow
- important role in maturation of cells

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4
Q

macrophages

A

develop from monocytes
- liver, lungs, lymph nodes, other tissues
- intercept + present foreign material to lymphocytes

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5
Q

the immune system will use the blood and

A
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6
Q

immune system components

A
  • lymphoid structures
  • immune cells: lymphocytes, macrophages
  • immune tissues: bone marrow, thymus
  • chemical mediators
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7
Q

antigens

A

human cell surface antigens or foreign substances

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8
Q

antigens are usually made of

A

polysaccharides, complex proteins, or combinations such as glycoproteins

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9
Q

“self” antigens are present on

A

cell membranes

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10
Q

T lymphocytes

A
  • immune response primary cells
  • because of surface protein receptors, they can directly destroy invading antigens
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11
Q

T cells arise from _____________ in ___________

A

stem cells/ bone marrow

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12
Q

T cells travel to the __________ for further ______________ +____________

A

thymus/ differentiation and development

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13
Q

T lymphocytes are primarily effective agaisnt

A
  • virus-infected cells
  • cancer cells
  • foreign cells
  • fungal or protozoal infections
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14
Q

B lymphocytes (B-cells)

A
  • responsible for humoral immunity
  • produce antibodies or immunoglobins
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15
Q

B lymphocytes are found in general

A

blood circulation

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16
Q

immunoglobins are divided into 5 different classes

A

1- IgG
2- IgM
3- IgA
4- IgE
5- IgD

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17
Q

IgG

A

activates complement, passive immunity in newborn

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18
Q

IgM

A

usually first to increase the immune response; activates complement, forms natural antibodies,

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19
Q

IgA

A

provides protection via the colostrum for the newborn

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20
Q

IgE

A

causes histamine release/other chemicals resulting in inflammation

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21
Q

IgD

A

activates B cells

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22
Q

complement structure is often activated during

A

immune reactions, with IgG or IgM

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23
Q

complement involves inactive proteins that circulate in the blood and are numbered from

A

C1-C9

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24
Q

when an antigen-antibody complex binds to an initial complement component (C1)

A
  • sequence of activation begins
  • ultimately results in destruction of the antigen
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25
2 immune responses
- primary - secondary
26
primary response
- antigen is recognized + processed - initiation + development of antibodies or sensitized T cells
27
secondary response
- a repeat exposure to the same antigen occurs - memory cells produce large numbers of matching antibodies or T cells quickly
28
antigens on cell surfaces help distinguish between ________ + ___________ cells
non-self + normal (self)
29
immune system develops a ___________ response to a ____________ antigen
particular/particular
30
humans are not susceptible to diseases that affect many other ________ + vice versa
animals
31
natural immunity
specific to each species
32
innate immunity
specific to certain genes
33
active natural immunity
acquired by direct exposure to an antigen
34
active artificial immunity
a specific antigen is introduced into the body - stimulates antibody production
35
passive natural immunity
IgG is transferred from mother to fetus
36
passive artificial immunity
injection of antibodies from a person or animal into a second person
37
vaccinations
occurrence of infectious diseases has declined
38
toxoid
altered or weakened bacterial toxin - acts as an antigen
39
booster
additional immunization - given 5-10 years after initial immunization
40
diagnostic tests
tests of immune function may qualitatively or quantitatively measure serum immunoglobulins
41
antibody identification may help to detect
- Rh blood incompatibility - HIV infection - german measles - hepatitis B infections
42
allograft (homograft)
between a human and another human
43
isograft
between identical twins
44
autograft
from self
45
xenograft
from nonhuman to human
46
transplant rejections
- hyperacute - acute - chronic or late
47
hyperacute
immediate - usually when preexisting antibodies are present
48
acute
after several weeks - usually because unmatched antigens cause a reaction
49
chronic or late
after months or years - as blood vessels gradually degenerate
50
immunosuppression
reduces immune response to prevent rejection - dosages must be carefully monitored
51
autoimmune disorders
when a patient develops antibodies to his or her own cells or cellular material - antibodies can then attack body tissues
52
autoantibodies
antibodies formed against self-antigens
53
hematopoietic disorders
- anemia - neutropenia - neutrophilia - thrombocytopenia - thrombocythemia - eosinophilia - monocytosis - pancytopenia - tumors
54
collagen
the main component of connective tissue - found in all body structures
55
collagen disease
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - scleroderma - rheumatoid arthritis - polymyositis
56
systematic lupus erythematosus
causing a characteristic butterfly-shaped facial rash - regular exercise is vital to keep muscles + joints active
57
SLE involves large amounts of
-circulating autoantibodies against DNA - erythrocytes - platelets - nucleic acids - other nuclear materials
58
scleroderma
characterized by hardened, thickened, and shrunken connective tissues - no cure
59
fibromyalgia
may involve any fibromuscular tissues - also called fibro myositis, fibrositis, and myofascial pain syndrome
60
fibromyalgia usually effects
- the back of the head, neck, shoulders - thorax, lower back. and thighs - affects women 7 times more often than men
61
immunodeficiency is caused by
a loss of function of immune system components
62
immunodeficiency leads to increased risk of ___________ and __________
infection and cancer
63
immunodeficiency causes
- viral infections - splenectomy - malnutrition - liver disease - use of immunosuppressive drugs - radiation - hypoproteinemia - chemotherapy
64
immunodeficiency disorders
- B cell - T cell - B and T cell - complement system - phagocytes
65
B cell (humoral) immunodeficiency disorder
congenital hypogammaglobulinemia
66
T cell (cell-mediated) immunodeficiency disorder
thymic aplasia, DiGeorge's syndrome
67
B and T cell immunodeficiency disorder
inherited combined immunodeficiency
68
complement system immunodeficiency disorder
inherited deficiency of one or more components
69
phagocytes
inherited chronic granulomatous diseases
70
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDs)
involves progressive impairment of the immune system; chronic, no cure
71
AIDS is caused by the
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) when infection becomes active
72
3 stages of HIV
- asymptomatic - early symptomatic - advanced
73
asymptomatic HIV stage
No symptoms in general
74
early symptomatic stage of HIV
malaise and fatigue - affects most pts normal activities
75
advanced
may involve the CNS, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems
76
HIV has __ types
2
77
AIDS primarily affects the
CD4 T-helper lymphocytes
78
AIDS attacks ____________ + _______ cells
macrophages + CNS
79
in AIDS, ______ cells eventually die
host
80
chronic fatigue syndrome
long-term, severe, disabling fatigue - may be linked to viral infections, immune system, and hormonal imbalances - no significant muscle weakness
81
__ types of hypersensitivity reactions
4
82
type I hypersensitive reactions
anaphylaxis, hay fever
83
type II hypersensitive reactions
ABO blood incompatibility
84
type III hypersensitive reactions
autoimmune disorders such as glomerulonephritis and SLE
85
type IV hypersensitive reactions
contact dermatitis, transplant rejection
86
anaphylaxis
severe systemic condition - decreased blood pressure - may be life-threatening - severe hypoxia - airway obstruction
87
anaphylaxis: large amounts of
chemical mediators (histamines) are released from mast cells into systemic circulation
88
type II reaction: cytotoxic hypersensitivity
occurs because of an antigen present on a cell membrane - may be a normal or foreign component - ex. incompatible blood transfusion
89
type III reaction: immune complex hypersensitivity
An antigen combines with an antibody to form a complex that is deposited in tissue
90
immune complex hypersensitivity usually occurs in
blood vessel walls - activating complement - resulting in inflammation and tissue destruction
91
type IV reaction: cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity
described as a delayed response by sensitized T lymphocytes to antigens - chemical mediators are released - causing an inflammatory response and destruction of the antigen
Pathology for PTA
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