Pathology for PTA > Inflammation & Healing: Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Inflammation & Healing: Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

inflammation

A

normal and natural response for the body to help infection from spreading

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2
Q

circulatory system contains

A

majority of inflammatory process

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3
Q

components of inflammation

A
  • increase movement of plasma
  • blood cells
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4
Q

exudate

A

fluids that defent the host against infection and facilitates tissue repair and healing

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5
Q

1st line of defense

A
  • skin
  • mucous membranes
  • secretions
    blocks entrance of bacteria and harmful substances
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6
Q

2nd line of defense

A

phagocytosis and inflammation
- neutrophils and macrophages
- engulfs and destroy bacteria, cell debris, foreign matter

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7
Q

3rd line of defense

A

immune system
- stimulates antibody and sensitized lymphocyte production

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8
Q

classifications of inflammation

A
  • is not an infection
  • immediate or delayed
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9
Q

signs and symptoms

A
  • redness
  • warmth
  • swelling
  • pain
  • loss of funciton
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10
Q

tissue injury

A

damaged mast cells + platelets release chemical mediators into interstitial fluid + blood

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11
Q

vascular response

A

local vasodilation + increased cell membrane permeability

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12
Q

cellular response

A

leukocytes move towards inflammation

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13
Q

chemotactic factors

A

attract neutrophils to site

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14
Q

complement system

A

increases plasma proteins + erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

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15
Q

histamine

A

vasodilation + increased capillary permeability

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16
Q

kinins

A

vasodilation + increased capillary permeability; pain, chemotaxis

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17
Q

leukotrienes

A

delayed vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis

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18
Q

platelet-activating factor (PAF)

A

activation of neutrophils + platelet aggregation

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19
Q

prostaglandins (PGs)

A

vasodilation, increased capillary permeability

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20
Q

basophils

A

release histamine -> inflammation

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21
Q

B lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

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22
Q

eosinophils

A

increase in allergic response

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23
Q

macrophages, monocytes, + neutrophils

A

active in phagocytosis

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24
Q

T lymphocytes

A

active in cell-mediated immune response

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25
fibrinous exudate
increases risk of scar tissue
26
hemorrhagic (bloody) exudate
damaged blood vessels
27
purulent exudate
pus; indicates bacterial infection
28
abscess
localized pocket of pus in solid tissue
29
serous (watery exudate) caused by
allergic reactions + burns
30
general manifestations of inflammation
- malaise - mild fever - fatigue - headache - anorexia
31
fever
caused by release of pyrogens from WBC
32
diagnostic tests
used to determine type of infection
33
differential count
proportion of WBC types; helps distinguish viral vs. bacterial infection
34
severe inflammation + necrosis
- tissue destroyed, needs repair - ulcers, tissue erosion, tissue death - scar tissue - muscle contractions, spasms
35
chronic inflammation
lasts weeks, months, or years - less swelling + exudate but more tissue destruction - granuloma
36
chronic inflammation increases
- lymphocytes - macrophages - fibroblasts
37
inflammatory agents include such medications as
- acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) - acetaminophen - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - prednisone
38
RICE
- rest - ice - compression - elevation
39
tissue repair overlaps the
inflammatory process
40
parenchymal cell regeneration
injured cells are replaced with cells of the same type
41
methods of wound healing
- resolution - regeneration - replacement
42
resolution
- after minimal damage cells recover and tissue returns to normal in short period of time
43
regeneration
- when cells are capable of mitosis damaged tissue is replaced by identical tissue from proliferation of nearby cells
44
replacement
- scar or fibrous tissue forms after extensive damage or when cells are capable of mitosis
45
healing by first intention
wound is free of foreign material + necrotic tissue - edges close together
46
healing by second intention
- large break in tissue, increased inflammation - longer healing period, more scar tissue formation
47
tissue repair begins after __________
injury
48
tissue repair
- blood clot formation - inflammation - beginning of phagocytosis
49
after ______ days, foreign material + cell debris have been phagocytized
3-4
50
what kind of tissue grows into the gap caused by the injury in tissue repair
granulation
51
collagen is produced by
fibroblasts
52
collagen strengthens the ____________ __________
repairing tissue
53
phases of healing
- inflammation - proliferation - maturation
54
inflammation
- begins immediately, lasts 2-5 days - involves hemostasis, vasodilation, and phagocytosis
55
proliferation
- day 2-3 weeks after inury - includes granulation, contraction, and epithelialization
56
maturation (remodeling phase)
- 3wks-2 years, new collagen forms - 80% as strong as the original tissue
57
scar tissue _________ over time
shrinks
58
scar shrinkage restricts _____________, ___________, and causes _____________
range of movement, fixation, and causes joint deformity
59
adhesions
bands of scar tissue that join two surfaces that are normally separated
60
bone healing stages
- inflammatory stage - repair stage - late modeling stage
61
inflammatory stage
- 2-4 weeks after fracture - a hematoma forms within the fracture site
62
repair stage
- 1-2 months after fracture - bone ends become joined and stabilized - new bone tissue forms
63
late modeling stage (remodeling)
- months-years after fracture - the body changes the weak bone material into strong bone
Pathology for PTA
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