Pathology for PTA > Integumentary System: Ch 17 > Flashcards

Integumentary System: Ch 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 layers of the skin

A
  • outer epidermis
  • inner dermis
  • subcutaneous layer
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2
Q

the epidermis and dermis are divided by a

A

basement membrane

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3
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

layer of loose connective and fatty tissues

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4
Q

keratinocytes ____-____ days to move from basal layer to ____________ __________

A

20-30; stratum corneum

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5
Q

keratinocytes must be ________ at the same time they are _____________

A

shed; produced

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6
Q

melanocytes are located at or in the ________ layer

A

basal

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7
Q

melanocytes produce

A

melanin

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8
Q

_________ + ____________ are formed from localized concentrations of eumelanin

A

freckles + moles

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9
Q

the amount of melanin in the keratinocytes determines

A

skin color

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10
Q

dark skin

A

larger melanosomes produced & transferred individually to keratinocytes

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11
Q

light skin

A

smaller melanosomes produced & packaged together in a membrane before transfer to keratinocytes

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12
Q

dermis

A

connective tissue layer separating the epidermis from the subcutaneous fat layer

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13
Q

dermis is the primary source of __________ for the epidermis

A

nutrition

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14
Q

the deep dermis has small, oval

A

mechanoreceptors

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15
Q

subcutaneous tissue consists mostly of

A

fat and connective tissues

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16
Q

skin appendages in subcutaneous tissue

A
  • sweat glands
  • sebaceous glands
  • hair
  • nails
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17
Q

2 sweat gland types

A
  • merocrine (eccrine)
  • apocrine
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18
Q

merocrine glands

A

tubular structure originating in the dermis and opening directly to the kin surface

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19
Q

merocrine glands are found

A

all over the body

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20
Q

apocrine glands are

A

less numerous

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21
Q

apocrine glands are located

A

in the deep dermis and open through hair follicles

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22
Q

apocrine glands are primarily found in the

A

axillae and groin

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23
Q

apocrine glands secrete

A

an oily substance and contribute to “body odor”

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24
Q

sebaceous glands are located everywhere expect the

A

palms, soles, and sides of feet

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25
sebaceous glands secrete
sebum (a mixture of liquids)
26
sebum includes
cholesterol, triglycerides, and wax
27
what does sebum do
lubricates the hair and skin
28
hair follicles are more numerous on the
- scalp - armpits - genitalia
29
sebum prevents _____________ of too much moisture from the stratum corneum
evaporation
30
sebum conserves
body heat
31
skin cells are covered with a
lipid film layer
32
skin cells protect against the entry of
HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS
33
skin functions
- somatosensory function - regulation of temp - synthesis of vitamin D - relaying impulses - heat dissipation - endocrine functions
34
nails
plates of hardened keratinocytes that grow outward
35
the floor of the groove (nail matrix) =
terminal region of the nail plate
36
underlying epidermis of the nail is called the
nail bed
37
the anil cuticle is formed by the
stratum corneum
38
lesion
traumatic or pathologic losses of normal tissue continuity, function, or structure
39
lesions are often components of a
rash
40
rash
temporary eruptions of the skin
41
rashes are associated with
- childhood diseases - diaper irritation - drug-induced reactions
42
blisters
fluid filled papules, or may be vesicles
43
blisters are caused by
friction, skin disorders, or burns
44
blisters should not be
broken to remove fluid
45
broken blisters may cause
secondary infection
46
callus
hyperkeratotic skin plaque caused by chronic friction or pressure
47
hyperplasia of dead, keratinized cells results in
hyperkeratosis and decreased skin shedding
48
corns (helomas)
small keratinous thickenings of the skin
49
corns are usually _________ and _______
round and painful
50
corns are often on the
toes
51
corns results from
rubbing or poorly fitted shoes
52
pruritis
an itching sensation
53
pruritis ranges from
mild to severe
54
pruritis originates in
free nerve endings in the skin
55
pruritis is related to
internal disorders (renal or biliary disease, diabetes)
56
xerosis
dry skin
57
xerosis is associated with
- aging - skin disorders - underlying disease
58
xerosis is usually caused by
dehydration of the stratum corneum
59
xerosis: skin may appear
- rough - scaly - lined - wrinkled
60
contact dermatitis
common inflammation of the skin
61
2 types of contact dermatitis
- allergic contact dermatitis - irritant contact dermatitis
62
allergic contact dermatitis
cell-mediated type IV hypersensitivity response
63
irritant contact dermatitis
non specific inflammatory reaction
64
urticaria (hives) results from
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
65
urticaria manifesting as raised
erythematosus skin lesions
66
urticaria: if developing in the pharyngeal mucosa, they may
obstruct the airway
67
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
type I hypersensitivity
68
psoriasis
common, chronic inflammatory skin disorder
69
psoriasis is characterized by
thick, flaky, red patches of various sizes; silvery scales
70
psoriasis is ________ & _________ thickening, increased epidermal _________
dermal + epidermal thickening; shedding
71
pemphigus
autoimmune disorder
72
pemphigus is where the epidermis
separates the basal layer
73
pemphigus: vesicles become large and then
rupture
74
acne vulgaris
inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands & hair follicles
75
acne is linked to
- hormonal changes - heredity - food allergies - endocrine disorders - steroid drug use - fatigue - psychological factors
76
cellulitis
an infection of the dermis & subcutaneous tissue
77
cellulitis is usually secondary to an
- injury - furuncle - ulcer
78
cellulitis often occurs in the
lower trunks and legs
79
cellulitis characteristics
red, swollen, and painful
80
furuncles (boils)
infections usually caused by staphylococcus aureus, begin in hair follicles (dermis)
81
furuncles develop into
large, painful masses with large amounts of purulent exudate drainage
82
carbuncles
collections of boils that coalesce to form large, infected areas
83
impetigo common in
infants and children
84
impetigo causes
lesions that begin as small vesicles that enlarge & rupture (yellow-brown crusty masses)
85
MRSA (what causes it)
caused by a certain bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics that are used to create regular staph infections
86
herpes simplex
cold sores
87
herpes zoster
shingles
88
verrucae
warts
89
herpes simplex virus type I
most common cause of fever blisters - occurs on or near the lips
90
skin lesions (herpes simplex) may occur when triggered by
- infections - stress - exposure to the sun
91
herpes zoster (shingles) occurs in
occurs in adults years after a primary infection of varicella (chickenpox)
92
shingles affects
1 cranial nerve or dermatome (on one side of the body)
93
shingles causes
pain, paresthesia, and a vascular rash
94
warts (verrucae) caused by
various human papillomaviruses (HPVs)
95
warts include ________ and ________ warts
plantar and genital
96
warts first appear as
firm, raised papules
97
fungal infections =
mycoses
98
fungal infections diagnosis
processing scrapings of the affected skin with potassium hydroxide
99
fungal infections are
superficial
100
tinea causes several superficial skin infections such as
- dermatophytosis - ringworm
101
tinea capitis
commonly infects the scalp - bald patch due to hair breaking off above the scalp
102
tinea corporis (ringworm) usually affects _______________ parts of the body
non-hairy
103
ringworm are
rounded red vesicles or papules with clear centers
104
tinea pedis (athletes foot) commonly spread from contact with
athletic areas + surfaces
105
tinea unguium (onychomycosis) primarily affects the
toenails, beginning at the tips
106
arterial insufficiency's clinical presentation
- round, clearly defined edges, deep - pulses absent or weak - minimal drainage - leg elevation & walking increases pain
107
arterial insufficiency (what causes it)
- poor arterial circulation due to diabetes - smoking - hyperlipidemia
108
venous insufficiency's clinical presentation
- increased edema, slow healing - shallow, irregular border - granulation tissue at base
109
venous insufficiency located
proximal to medial malleolus, medial aspect lower leg
110
venous insufficiency (what causes it)
thrombosis of vein or valve insufficiency (80% of leg ulcers)
111
neuropathic classic has what kind of appearance
punched out appearance
112
neuropathic has no pain due to
lack of sensation
113
what causes neuropathic
pressure on bony areas that lack sensation due to diabetes, neuropathies
114
decubitus ulcers
pressure ulcers or bed sores
115
bed sores are
localized areas of dead skin affecting the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers; high risk of infection
116
decubitis ulcers are common in pts who are
debilitated, paralyzed, or unconscious
117
how many stages of ulcers
4
118
stage I of ulcers
surface reddening, unbroken skin
119
stage II of ulcers
broken or unbroken blisters
120
stage III of ulcers
wound extends through all skin layers
121
stage IV of ulcers
involves underlying muscles, tendons, and bones
122
2 burn types
heat (thermal) nonthermal sources
123
heat (thermal)
- fire - steam - hot liquids
124
non-thermal sources
- radiation - friction - UV light - electricity - chemicals
125
a burn triggers an _____________ reaction + causes
inflammatory; tissue destruction
126
severity of a burn depends on
the location on the body
127
rule of nines: adults
- 9% head - 9% each arm - 36% trunk - 1% genitals - 18% each lower limb
128
first degree burn
affect epidermis only - mild sunburn or a steam burn
129
second degree burn
affects epidermis and dermis (partial thickness)
130
third degree burn
(full thickness) affects all tissue layers, causing charred skin that may be numb
131
burns are based on the
appearance, signs & symptoms
132
local cold temp injury
frostbite
133
systemic cold temp injury
hypothermia
134
frostbite
- skin appears white, red, or blistered - numb or shows signs of gangrene
135
skin cancer warning signs
- sores that do not heal - lesions that change shape, size, color, or texture - newly developing moles or odd-shaped lesions - skin lesions that bleed repeatedly, itch, or ooze fluid
136
keratoses
BENIGN skin lesions usually related to skin damage or aging
137
actinic keratoses
caused by UV radiation (usually in fair skinned people)
138
seborrheic keratosis is caused by
caused by the proliferation of basal cells
139
seborrheic keratoses appears as
oval elevations (dark in color)
140
basal cell carcinoma
the most common yet least dangerous type of skin cancer
141
basal cell carcinoma begins in the _________ __________, invading the _________
stratum basale; dermis
142
Basal cell carcinoma causes a small,
shiny lesion to appear as a "bump" on the skin
143
squamous cell carcinoma
similar to basal cell carcinoma; painless, malignant
144
squamous cell carcinoma is usually caused by
sun exposure to the face, neck, and other commonly exposed areas of the body
145
if squamous cell carcinoma is found in the lower lip or mucous membranes of the mouth, usually related to
smoking
146
confirmation diagnosis of carcinomas =
"punch biopsy"
147
malignant melanoma
a very serious form of skin cancer
148
malignant melanoma: developing from melanocytes due to
- exposure to UV radiation - genetic factors - hormonal influence
149
malignant melanoma often form a
mole (nevus)
150
when a mole changes shape, color, size, or texture (or it bleeds) it may be
malignant
151
malignant melanoma appears as
multi-colored lesions
152
risk factors for malignant melanoma
- fair skin/hair/eyes - living close to the equator or higher elevations - history of severe sunburn; tanning beds
153
kaposi's sarcoma
- has become more common with its association with HIV and AIDS - when the immune system is compromised, the cancer affects the skin and viscera
154
kaposi's sarcoma characteristics
purple-colored lesions may spread rapidly over the upper body and may become painful
Pathology for PTA
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