Pathology for PTA > Endocrine System Disorders: Ch > Flashcards

Endocrine System Disorders: Ch Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system components

A

◆ Glands
◆ Clusters of specialized cells
◆ Hormones
◆ Target tissues

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2
Q

responsibility of the endocrine system

A

hormone and chemical transmitter secretion

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3
Q

the endocrine system responds to

A

nervous system stimulation

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4
Q

endocrine system works with the NS to

A

regulate and integrate metabolic activities, and maintain internal homeostasis

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5
Q

ES consists of several

A

small glands scattered throughout the body

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6
Q

the glands secrete hormones into the

A

blood stream

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7
Q

many hormone levels are regulated by

A

negative feedback mechanisms

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8
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls secretion of hormones

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9
Q

hypothalamus location

A

third ventricle of the brain

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10
Q

hypothalamic hormones regulate the

A

anterior pituitary gland functions

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11
Q

many endocrine disorders are caused by

A

hyposecretion or hypersecretion of certain glands

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12
Q

what is known as the “master gland”

A

pituitary gland

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13
Q

pituitary secretions control

A

actions of many glands

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14
Q

endocrine system disorders are hard to

A

diagnos

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15
Q

common symptoms of ES disorders include

A
  • lethargy
  • fatigue
  • mental disorders
  • muscle atrophy
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16
Q

Techniques used to assess endocrine function and hormone levels
include

A

those that measure the effect of a hormone on body function

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17
Q

ES diagnostic tests

A

Blood tests, urinalysis, genetic testing, radiographic imaging, biopsy

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18
Q

endocrine system diseases

A

➔ Pituitary gland diseases
➔ Thyroid gland diseases
➔ Parathyroid gland diseases
➔ Adrenal gland diseases
➔ Endocrine dysfunction of the pancreas

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19
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

An abnormal increase in hormone production by
the pituitary
- hypersecretion of the pituitary gland

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20
Q

hyperpituitarism especially affects the production of

A

growth hormone (or somatotropin)

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21
Q

hyperpituitarism leads to

A

excessive growth of bones and tissues

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22
Q

2 types of hyperpituitarism

A
  • gigantism
  • acromegaly
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23
Q

gigantism

A

Begins before puberty
● Increased growth rate, slowed sexual & mental development

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24
Q

acromegaly

A

Begins after puberty
● Enlarged bones & soft tissues of hands, feet, face

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25
in children, the growth process of hyperpituitarism can be slowed by
◆ Microsurgical removal of the pituitary tumor ◆ Radiation ◆ Drug therapy
26
in adults, the growth process of hyperpituitarism can be slowed by
surgical removal of a pituitary tumor often leads to hypopituitarism, with recurrence of pituitary tumors common
27
hypopituitarism
An abnormal decrease in pituitary activity leading to a deficiency or absence of some or all of the trophic hormones
28
hypopituitarism: deficiencies of
growth hormone and gonadotropin
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hypopituitarism: decrease in growth hormone can cause
dwarfism ◆ Short stature & proportional body size reduction ◆ May be underdeveloped sexually ◆ Have mental challenges
30
common cause of hypopituitarism
a pituitary tumor
31
treatment for hypopituitarism
hormone replacement therapy
32
diabetes insipidus
A disturbance of water metabolism that results in extreme thirst & excessive secretion of dilute urine
33
diabetes insipidus caused by
a deficiency in the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary gland
34
diabetes insipidus: predominant symptom
polyuria ◆ The patient may urinate between 2 and 15 gallons of nearly colorless urine in a single day
35
diabetes insipidus: excessive ________ is produced because the body needs to avoid
polydipsia (thirst); dehydration
36
diabetes insipidus is caused by a decrease in ADH release usually due to
damage to the pituitary gland by a tumor, surgery, trauma, or infection
37
central DI treatment
vasopressin (tablet or nasal spray)
38
nephrogenic DI treatment
◆ Increased fluid intake ◆ Medications that lower urine output
39
simple gioter
An enlarged thyroid gland caused by attempted production of T4 in adequate amounts
40
simple goiter prevention
Adequate intake of dietary iodine
41
goiters are more prevalent in
females
42
goiters may be
asymptomatic until thyroid gland enlarges enough to be noticed
43
goiter causes
◆ Family history ◆ Large amounts of foods that inhibit production of TH ◆ Regular use of medications that affect thyroid production ◆ Iodine deficiency
44
treatment for goiter
◆ Increased use of iodized salt in the diet (if iodine deficiency exists) ◆ Administration of potassium iodide ◆ Removal of goitrogenic foods ◆ Surgery
45
hashimoto's thyroiditis
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis associated with goiter
46
chronic autoimmune thyroiditis=
chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - Occurs when autoantibodies destroy thyroid gland tissue
47
hashimoto's thyroiditis mostly affects
females 45-65 years old - believed to be genetically linked
48
symptoms of hashimoto's thyroiditis
◆ Weakness, fatigue, forgetfulness ◆ Sensitivity to cold, mental apathy
49
hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland ◆ Also known as thyrotoxicosis
50
primary hyperthyroidism
grave's disease
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hyperthyroidism: thyroid gland is completely
hypertrophied
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hyperthyroidism: results in a
diffuse goiter
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hyperthyroidism mostly affects
women between the ages 20 and 40
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grave's disease
An autoimmune disorder characterized by abnormal stimulation of the thyroid gland by thyroid-stimulating antibodies
55
symptoms of hyperthyroidism
◆ Increased metabolic changes, rapid heartbeat ◆ Palpitations, nervousness, excitability, insomnia ◆ Weight loss even with excessive appetite ◆ Profuse perspiration, warm and moist skin
56
hypothyroidism
Common in iodine-deficient areas of the world ◆ May result in mental deficiency
57
2 types of hypothyroidism
- cretinism - myxedema
58
cretinism
Develops during infancy & early childhood ◆ Mental and growth retardation, protruding abdomen ◆ Broad nose, short forehead, wide-set eyes
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myexedema
Develops in older children or adults ◆ Dry skin, reduced sweating, facial bloating ◆ Mennorhagia, Tongue thickening, puffy eyelids
60
causes of hypothyroidism
◆ Failure of the thyroid to develop or function normally ◆ Enzyme deficiencies ◆ Fetal or maternal thyroid deficiency
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treatment of hypothyroidism
Lifelong thyroid replacement therapy will be required ◆ For myxedema, T4 is administered to achieve normal thyroid function
62
thyroid storm is also known as
"thyroid crisis” ◆ A life-threatening form of thyrotoxicosis
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thyroid storm causes
extremely high fever, congestive heart failure, tachycardia, angina, agitation, delirium, and restlessness
64
thyroid storm: treatment
immediate treatment must occur
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treatment for thyroid storm
◆ The application of cold packs, glucose administration ◆ Fluid and electrolyte replacement, glucocorticoids ◆ Beta-adrenergic blockers, thyroid-blocking agents ◆ Radioiodides
66
thyroid cancer often
asymptomatic until the disease is advanced
67
symptoms of thyroid cancer
persistent hoarseness (dysphagia), difficulty swallowing, or a painless (or hard) nodule in the neck
68
thyroid cancer is
uncommon
69
thyroid cancer affects _______ more than _______
women more than men
70
thyroid cancer is ________ linked
genetically
71
thyroid cancer is discovered by the
patient or through radiologic examination
72
thyroid cancer: surgery is primarily used for
papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid cancers
73
surgery for thyroid cancer involves
◆ Usually the entire thyroid and nearby lymph nodes are removed ◆ Radioiodine is given to destroy any remaining tissue or tumors
74
hyperparathyroidism results from
overproduction of parathormone (PTH) by one or several of the parathyroid glands
75
hyperparathyroidism is classified as
primary or secondary
76
hyperparathyroidism causes
calcium to be pulled from the bones ◆ Causing weakness and fractures
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hyperparathyroidism is usually caused by
a parathyroid tumor or idiopathic hyperplasia of one of the glands
78
correct diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism requires
at least a 6 month history of related symptoms
79
hypoparathyroidism
A decrease in the normal amount of parathormone leading to abnormally low blood calcium levels
80
symptoms of hypoparathyroidism
◆ Hypocalcemia, muscle spasms, convulsions ◆ Laryngeal spasms ● DEATH BY ASPHYXIATION IF SEVERE
81
hypoparathyroidism usually results from
◆ Surgical removal of all the parathyroid glands ◆ A thyroidectomy
82
Cushing's syndrome
The manifestation of hypercortisolism due to any cause
83
cushing's disease =
The pituitary form ◆ Results from excessive ACTH production by a tumor of the pituitary gland
84
cushing's syndrome =
The adrenal form ◆ Caused by a benign or malignant adrenal tumor
85
cushing's syndrome symptoms
◆ A rounded or moon shaped face ◆ Fatigue ◆ A “buffalo hump” on the upper back ◆ Hypertension ◆ Poor wound healing, osteoporosis, rib fractures
86
cushing's syndrome may be caused by
◆ A pituitary gland or adrenal cortex tumor ◆ After prolonged doses of cortisone
87
addison's disease =
The primary form ◆ Adrenal Hypofunction ◆ Originating inside the adrenal gland - uncommon
88
symptoms of addison's disease
Bronze discolorations of the skin ◆ Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, GI complications
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addison's disease is most commonly seen in
white females
90
addison's disease is
genetically linked or secondary to hypopituitarism
91
diagnosis of addison's disease
Low blood and urine cortisol levels, low serum sodium and fasting glucose levels
92
conn's disease =
primary aldosteronism
93
conn's disease is often related to a
unilateral adenoma
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conn's disease is present in about
10% of people with hypertension
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conn's disease is more common in
women between 30 and 50
96
symtpoms of conn's disease
Episodic weakness, elevated BP, hypokalemia
97
diabetes mellitus
A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia
98
diabetes mellitus: type 1
Absolute insulin insufficiency ● The most serious form ● Usually occurs in children and young adults
99
diabetes mellitus: type 2
Insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects ● Usually occurs in obese adults after age 40 (Most common)
100
gestational diabetes
Emerges during pregnancy when a previously non-diabetic woman shows glucose intolerance
101
diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that affects
the metabolism of carbohydrates because of inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic islets of Langerhans
102
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria, polyphagia, glycosuria, hyperglycemia, and formation of ketones in the blood and urine
103
diagnosis of DM
Two criteria, obtained > 24 hours apart
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diagnosis of DM: fasting plasma glucose level of ___ or more on at least 2 occasions
126 mg/dL
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diagnosis of DM: Typical symptoms of uncontrolled diabetes and random blood glucose level of _______ or more
200 mg/dL
106
diagnosis of DM: blood glucose of _____ or more 2 hours after ingesting ____ grams of oral dextrose
200 mg/dL; 75
107
DM treatment involves
patient education and lifelong attention to diet, medication, and exercise
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DM treatment: a special _______ test should be given every _____ months to measure _____________________ in the blood
HbA1C; 3-6' glycosylated hemoglobin
109
hypoglycemia
Abnormally low blood sugar
110
hypoglycemia occurs
when blood glucose levels drop below 60 mg/dL
111
symptoms of hypoglycemia
Same as for diabetes and include lightheadedness, sweating, and trembling
112
common causes of hypoglycemia
◆ Excessive exercise, fasting, skipping regular meals ◆ Overadministration of insulin, pancreatic adenoma ◆ GI disorders, certain hereditary conditions
113
when hypoglycemia occurs in a diabetic pt, they should
consume glucose tablets or candy
114
hypoglycemia: if acute,
immediate emergency attention should be given via IV glucose administration
Pathology for PTA
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