Economy and society 4 Flashcards
education (26 cards)
before 1864, who provided education?
the church or wealthy benevolent individuals
what percentage of army recruits were illiterate?
93%
in 1864 who were put in charge of education and school boards?
the zemstva
when was a minister of education created?
1870
in 1870 what could the government do regarding education?
employ and sack teachers, and inspect schools
what kind of secondary school did alexander II create?
real gymnasia, they taught modern subjects like foreign languages, maths and science
between 1855-1865 what happened to the number of students in secondary education?
it doubled
who was Alexander II’s minister of education?
Tolstoy
what did Tolstoy do to the university entrance criteria?
he manipulated it so that children of nobility were favoured over the middle class
how many schools were there in Russia by 1880?
23000
when were universities given more autonomy?
1863
who did Alexander III ban from secondary school?
lower-class children
how did Alexander III reduce university autonomy?
by banning elections to university councils
in 1906 (under Nicholas II) what did the Duma plan to do?
introduce universal primary education by 1922, but it never happened due to WW1
by 1896 how many schools were there in Russia?
79000
by 1914 how many schools were there in Russia?
81000
by 1900, how many students were there in 9 universities?
16500 (25% at Moscow state university)
when did lenin abolish church schools?
1918
what were the old gymnasia schools replaced with?
polytechnics which focused on vocational skills
when did stalin make primary school attendance compulsory?
1930
what was the change in primary school attendance from 1929-1930?
in 1929 8 million students attended primary school, and by 1930 it was 18 million
what did the five year plans require
vocationally educated people
what was the change in attendance of secondary schools from 1931-32
in 1931 it was 2.5 million, by 1932 it was 6.9 million
when did khrushchev abolish school fees?
1956
