PSYC232 Test 3, Week 10 Flashcards
(17 cards)
What is the main limitation of observational methods in detecting deception?
They can’t detect lies, but may help detect truth to some extent.
What are the four key objectives of observational methods in research?
- Describe how observational data are used
- Understand validation and reliability
- Use observational measures in analyses
- Evaluate advantages and disadvantages
What is observational coding?
Measuring expressed behaviors, emotions, or speech by coders to turn observable phenomena into data.
Why is objectivity in observational coding considered sarcastic?
Because no one is truly objective; coders are just removed from the situation to reduce bias.
What is the difference between inductive and deductive observational methods?
Inductive: Observation → Theory
Deductive: Theory → Hypothesis → Data
What is an example of a deductive observational study?
Studying dogs’ “guilty” looks in response to owner behavior, not actual guilt.
What are the three steps of deductive observational coding?
- Develop a theoretically-grounded coding schedule
- Train coders and collect data
- Assess validity and reliability
What does it mean to operationalize a psychological phenomenon?
Define it clearly using theory and identify observable behaviors and emotions.
What are examples of “Demand” behaviors?
Making demands
Voicing complaints
Criticizing
Interrupting
What are examples of “Withdraw” behaviors?
Folding arms
Minimizing emotion
Hesitant/no response
Off-topic conversation
Why are example videos (“anchors”) important in coder training?
They help coders distinguish between low and high levels of behavior.
What is an example of a high demand/withdraw anchor?
“You always do this” – passive-aggressive tone
What is inter-rater reliability?
The degree to which different observers agree in their coding.
How is inter-rater reliability tested?
Using inter-class correlations between coders.
What is coder drift?
When coders become inconsistent over time due to experience or boredom.
What is validity in observational coding?
The extent to which the measure reflects what it’s supposed to.
What are two validation hypotheses in demand/withdraw studies?
Demand is negatively associated with withdrawal
Withdrawal is negatively associated with satisfaction
