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ANS 328- Nutrition > end exam 2 > Flashcards

end exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

where does gluconeogenesis begin

A

the mitochondria

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2
Q

why must pyruvate be changed

A

because it can not easily leave the mitochondria

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3
Q

what are converted to pyruvate

A

lactate and animo acids

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4
Q

when does glycerol enter

A

at step 7 under glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

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5
Q

what four molecules are regulated during gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate carboxylase
phosphoenolpyruvate
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
glucose 6-phosphatase

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6
Q

what is pyruvate carboxylase activated by

A

the breakdown of fat

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7
Q

what is phosphoenolpyruvate inhibited, regulated, and activated by?

A

insulin
hormones
cortisol and glucogon

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8
Q

what is fructose 1,6 bisphosphate inhibited by

A

fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

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9
Q

what is glucose 6-phosphatase inhibited by

A

insulin

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10
Q

what are normal levels of blood glucose

A

4.5-5.5 mmol/L

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11
Q

what are normal levels for ruminants? chickens?

A

2.2-3.5 mmol/L
14 mmol/L

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12
Q

what is normal blood glucose after a meal

A

6.5-7.2 mmol/L

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13
Q

what is blood glucose during starvation

A

3.3-3.9 mmol/L

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14
Q

how is blood glucose created

A

when glucose enters the blood stream

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15
Q

what does liver glycogen

A

stores enough glucose for an animal overnight

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16
Q

what makes up gluconeogenesis

A

lactate and animo acids

17
Q

describe the breakdown of glycerol

A

glycerol - pyruvate - glycose - cells that need energy - enters pathway later

18
Q

what are the two main regulations of blood glucose

A

transportation and glucokinase

19
Q

what does GLUT 2 do for regulation of blood glucose

A

removes glucose from blood when blood glucose is high

20
Q

what does GLUT 4 do for regulation of blood glucose

A

removes glucose from blood when insulin is present

21
Q

what does glucokinase do for regulation of blood glucose

A

catalyzes glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
allows glucose formation from glycogonolysis and gluconeogenesis to be related to maintain blood glucose

22
Q

what secretes insulin

A

pancreatic b-cells

23
Q

what do pancreatic b-cells do

A

lowers blood glucose via GLUT 4, activating glycogenesis and glycolysis, and initiating glycogenolysis and gluconcoginesis

24
Q

what secretes glucagon

A

pancreatic a-cells

25
Q

what are other hormones

A

anterior pituitary
glucocorticoids
epinephrine

26
Q

what is acth and what does it do

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone
releases glucocorticoids

27
Q

what does glucocorticoids do

A

responds to stress and stimulates glyconeogenesis

28
Q

what does epinephrine do

A

fight or flight response, activates glycogenolysis and occurs more in muscles than liver

29
Q

what is the point of glucagon

A

to maintain normal blood glucose

ANS 328- Nutrition (15 decks)

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