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ANS 328- Nutrition > quiz 5 > Flashcards

quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the net amount of ATP produced in glycolysis? how is that number determined

A

7 ATP total
2 ATP are used, 4 are created, and 5 are created from NADH H+

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2
Q

when can glycolysis begin

A

when glucose enters the cell

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3
Q

what are the two main regulations of glycolysis

A

glucose transport, regulated molecules

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4
Q

describe GLUT 1&3 for glucose transport

A

found on erythrocytes and neurons
both have a high affinity, so glycolysis occurs easily

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5
Q

describe GLUT 2 for glucose transport

A

needs a lot of glucose to move it to the blood
can only occur when there is high blood glucose

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6
Q

describe GLUT 4 with glucose transport

A

can regulate glycolysis
only transports glucose when insulin is present

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7
Q

what are the 3 regulated molecules

A

glucokinase
phosphofructokinase-1
pyruvate kinase

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8
Q

describe the regulated molecule glucokinase

A

low affinity (similar to glut 2)
needs high intercellular glucose concentration to be active
occurs only in liver

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9
Q

describe the regulated molecule phosphofructokinase-1

A

inhibited by high concentrations of ATP
insulin activates phosphofructokinase-2
results in production of phosphofructokinase-1
signals to the body there is an excess of glucose

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10
Q

describe the regulated molecule pyruvate kinase

A

activated by presence of 1-6bisphosphate
commits to glycolysis
inhibited by glycogen

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11
Q

what does the glycolysis pathway need to continue

A

glucose

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12
Q

define glycogen

A

the storage form of glucose, complex polymer made up of glucose molecules

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13
Q

what is glycogenin

A

it is the middle portion of glycogen with glucose chains attached.

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14
Q

define a1,4-linkage

A

bonds between glucose in straight chains

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15
Q

define a1.6-linkage

A

bond between glucose at branching points

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16
Q

where does glycogenesis occur

A

cytosolic (liquid portion of cell)

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17
Q

what are the four steps of glycogenesis

A
  1. glucose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate via ATP to ADP, glucokinase, and hexokinase
  2. glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose 1-phosphate via phosphoglucomutase
  3. glucose 1-phosphate is converted to UDP-phosphate via UTP which is converted to PPi, UDP-glucose, and pyrophosphorylase
  4. UDP-phosphate is converted to (Glucose)n+1 via (Glucose)n to UDP, and glycogensythase
18
Q

define branching enzyme

A

removes 7 glucose from an 11+ chain and moves it to an a1-6 linkage position

19
Q

what do GLUT 2 and 4 do?

A

store glucose when there is enough

20
Q

what is regulated in glycogenesis? why?

A

phosphorylation because it can be reversed

21
Q

what needs to happen to glycogen synthesis for it to be active

A

diphosphorylation

22
Q

what is protein-phosphate-1 need to be activated

A

insulin

23
Q

what does protein-kinase-a do

A

reverses the glycogenesis pathway

24
Q

what does glucogenolysis do

A

the reverse of glycogenesis

25
Q

where does glycogenolysis occur

A

cytosolic

26
Q

where does the liver stop breaking down? muscle?

A

glucose
glycogen

27
Q

how many steps are in glycogenolysis

A

2-3

28
Q

what is glycogenolysis regulated by

A

glycogen phosphorylase

29
Q

what are the four steps of glycogenolysis

A
  1. (Glucose)n goes to glucose 1-phosphate via phosphorylation and glycogenphosphorylase
  2. glucose 1-phosphate goes to glucose 6-phosphate via phosphoglucomutase
  3. glucose 6-phosphate goes to glucose via H2O and glucose 6-phosphotase
  4. glucose enters bloodstream
30
Q

define debranching enzyme

A

begins when only 4 glucose are left on a chain; 3 are removed and added to another chain at a-1,4 linkage and the last glucose will be released as free

31
Q

which step of glycogenolysis is regulated

A

the first step

32
Q

what is protein phosphate-1 activated by

A

insulin

33
Q

how many pathways can occur at once

A

only one

34
Q

what is glycogenesis stimulated by

A

insulin

35
Q

what is glycogenolysis stimulated by

A

glucagon and epinephrine

36
Q

define gluconeogenesis

A

synthesis of glucose; reverse of glycolysis

37
Q

where does gluconegoensis occur

A

mostly in the liver, but will occur in the kidneys if starving

38
Q

describe lactate

A

pyruvate is changed during anaerobic conditions
released into bloodstream where liver uses it
produced by muscles and erythrocytes (rbc)

39
Q

describe glycerol

A

comes from fat and provides energy
main precursor in fasted state

40
Q

describe amino acid

A

breakdown of protein from the muscles
maintains blood glucose
last resort for starved state but depletes after many days of fasting

ANS 328- Nutrition (15 decks)

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