quiz 2 Flashcards
describe the avian digestive system
beak- prehension
esophagus
crop- moisten food
proventriculus- start of gastric digestion
gizzard- mastication
small intestine
pancreas
ceca (2)
large intestine
cloaca
describe the ruminant stomach
rumen- largest component taking up majority of the left side; microbial fermentation and digestion of fibers material; gas release; VFA production
reticulum- most cranial compartment; traps foreign material
omasum- filters and regulates what leaves the rumen; H20 absorption
abomasum- chemical (gastric) digestion
what are advantages of the ruminant digestive system
able to digest fiberous feedstuff; microbes are able to synthesize amino acids and proteins; synthesizes all B vitamins and vitamin K
what are disadvantages of the ruminant digestive system?
loss of energy due to heat, gas, and fermentation; loss of protein quality due to microbial protein synthesis
describe the 3 non-ruminant herbivores, and give an example of each
foregut fermenter- pouch in stomach for microbial fermentation; sheep
colon fermenter- enlarged colon for microbial digestion; horse
cecal fermenter- enlarged cecum for microbial digestion; rodents
describe hard and soft feces
hard- normal waste and undigested material
soft- directly secreted from cecum and directly consumed from anus to utilize products of fermentation
what are advantages of hindgut fermentation
better adaptation to low quality forages, which go straight to the cecum; allows waste to pass and animal to eat more to reach nutrient requirement; has a high rate of passage
what are disadvantages of hindgut fermentation
products of fermentation are less available to animals; fermentation happens after site of absorption; fermentation is less efficient; microbes only see unabsorbed nutrients due to normal digestion and absorption
what must be known for a feedstuff evaluation
nutrient composition
availability
what processing needs to be done
if there is a presence of harmful/toxic substances
define feedstuff sampling
values of nutrition content are of no particle use if the sample tested is not representative of the feedstuff as it is fed to animals
what are the 3 types of feedstuff sampling? describe them
hay sampling- hay probe bores into center of bale 12-20x times to determine what an animal is consuming
pasture sampling- a 1ft square is thrown and where it lands is cut to grazing height, 12-20x
grain sampling- using a grain probe or collecting sample from bin, 12-20x
what makes up feed?`
water, ash, carbs (crude fiber, nitrogen free extract), crude protein, and fat
describe dry matter (DM)
the first test done on feedstuff
dehydrated of water to a constant weight
allows for comparison
determines what percent of feed is not water
define as fed
what is fed to an animal, including water
describe crude protein (CP)
measures nitrogen content of feed multiplied by 6.25
around 16%
does not show quality
accounts for all feedstuff with nitrogen
