quiz 8

Question 1

where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

Answer 1

the cytosol, not the mitochondria

Question 2

what is the first committed step of fatty acid synthesis

Answer 2

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Question 3

what does palmitate synthesize

Answer 3

16 carbon chain

Question 4

how many carbons are added in elongation

Answer 4

2 at a time, so it can stay even

Question 5

where does elongation occur

Answer 5

the ER

Question 6

what donates to elongation

Answer 6

malonyl CoA

Question 7

what portion does elongation occur at of the palmitate

Answer 7

the carboxyl side

Question 8

what does desaturation form

Answer 8

monosaturated fatty acid

Question 9

where does desaturation occur

Answer 9

ER

Question 10

define desaturation

Answer 10

the addition of double bonds to certain carbons

Question 12

how many carbons are added during elongation

Answer 12

2, to stay even

Question 13

where does elongation occur? what allows it to occur?

Answer 13

er
malonyl CoA

Question 14

what side does elongation occur on

Answer 14

the carboxyl end

Question 15

what does desaturation form

Answer 15

monosaturated fatty acid

Question 16

where does desaturation occur

Answer 16

the ER

Question 17

what are the 3 enzymes for desaturation

Answer 17

∆5 desaturase, ∆6 desaturase, and ∆9 desaturase

Question 18

what are the 2 omega enzymes used

Answer 18

w3FA and w6FA

Question 19

where does TAG synthesis occur

Answer 19

ER

Question 20

what does TAG synthesis allow for

Answer 20

transport and storage of fatty acid

Question 21

what are TAGs stored in

Answer 21

VLDLs

Question 22

what are TAGs stored by

Answer 22

extrahepatic tissue

Question 23

what are TAGs facilitated by

Answer 23

lipoprotein lipase

Question 24

what are TAGs used for

Answer 24

energy

Question 25

what breaks down TAGs in adipose tissue?

Answer 25

hormone-sensitive lipase

Question 26

what is hormone-sensitive lipase inhibited by

Answer 26

insulin

Question 27

what is glycerol used for

Answer 27

gluconeogenesis

Question 28

what do FAs bind to? why?

Answer 28

albumin, so it can move freely through the blood

Question 29

define oxidation

Answer 29

breakdown of oxygen

Question 30

what is the rate of oxidation

Answer 30

rate is proportional to the concentration of plasma

Question 31

oxidation is _______ in starvation and _____ in fed state

Answer 31

high; low

Question 32

where does oxidation occur

Answer 32

mitochondria

Question 33

what does FA turn to in the cell

Answer 33

FACoA

Question 34

what does carnitine cycle allow for

Answer 34

the transportation of FACoA

Question 35

where does oxidation occur

Answer 35

the mitochondria

Question 36

define CPT-1

Answer 36

converts FACoA to FA carnitine

Question 37

describe carnitine

Answer 37

similar to amino acids

Question 38

define CPCT

Answer 38

transports FA carnitine into mitochondria in exchange for a free carnitine

Question 39

define CPT-2

Answer 39

reverse of CPT1, converts FA carnitine to FACoA

Question 40

define β-oxidation

Answer 40

the mitochondrial breakdown of FA to acetyl CoA supplies energy reverse of FA synthesis

Question 41

how many ATP are created from both FADH2 and NADH+H synthesis in β-oxidation

Answer 41

28 ATP

Question 42

how many ATP are created from acetyl CoA

Answer 42

80 ATP

Question 43

how many ATP are created from the breakdown of palmitate

Answer 43

108 (80+28)

Question 44

define ketone body

Answer 44

the breakdown of fat in the liver during fasting/starvation and acts as an energy replacement

Question 45

what are the 3 ketones created? which ones can be utilized

Answer 45

acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone. acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be utilized and turned into energy

Question 46

what causes ketosis

Answer 46

insufficent feed intake

Question 47

define ketonemia

Answer 47

ketone bodies are acidic and change the pH of blood

Question 48

define ketonuria

Answer 48

body tries to remove ketone bodies through urine, leading to them being in urine

Question 49

define ketoacidosis

Answer 49

decrease in blood pH due to ketone bodies

Question 50

how can ketosis be stopped/reversed

Answer 50

by feeding the animal straight glucose

Question 51

what is the major problem with ketosis and milk production

Answer 51

at calving, energy demand and feed intake increase, but energy decreases, but the body make think it's starving