quiz 6

Question 1

what is the citric acid cycle

Answer 1

the central pathway of metabolism

Question 2

what are the 3 fates of pyruvate

Answer 2

fatty acid synthesis
lactate
citric acid cycle

Question 3

where does the citric acid cycle occur

Answer 3

mitochondria

Question 4

is the citric acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic

Answer 4

aerobic

Question 5

what are the two regulations for the cac? describe them

Answer 5

pyruvate dehydrogenase- activated by insulin
isocitrate dehydrogenase- inhibited by increased NADH+H+ and NAD

Question 6

how many ATP are created in the citric acid cycle

Answer 6

10 ATP

Question 7

how many ATP are created with 2 pyruvate

Answer 7

25 ATP

Question 8

how much ATP is created from the complete oxidation of 1 glucose

Answer 8

32 ATP

Question 9

how many membranes does the mitocondria have?

Answer 9

2

Question 10

what does the inner membrane control

Answer 10

what can enter and leave

Question 11

define inter membrane space

Answer 11

space between the inner and outer membrane

Question 12

define matrix

Answer 12

center of mitochondria and location of metabolic pathways

Question 13

what is electron transport used for

Answer 13

synthesizing H2O

Question 14

what happens as electrons pass through

Answer 14

H+ are pumped from the matrix to create a protein gradient in inter membrane space

Question 15

define oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 15

synthesis of ATP

Question 16

how much H does oxidative phosphorylation need

Answer 16

4 H

Question 17

describe NADH+H+ ATP synthesis. how much is produced

Answer 17

e- transport results in release of 10H into inter membrane space
10 added/4 used= 2.5 ATP

Question 17

what does oxidative phosphorylation cause

Answer 17

ATP synthase starts spinning

Question 18

describe FADH2 ATP synthesis. how much is produced

Answer 18

e- transport results in release of 6H into inter membrane space
6 added/4 used= 1.5 ATP

Question 19

what are the three feedstuffs

Answer 19

concentrates
roughages
feed additive

Question 20

define concentrates

Answer 20

carbohydrates
low in fiber

Question 21

defien roughages

Answer 21

high in fiber, low in nutrient density

Question 22

define feed additive

Answer 22

any substance intentionally added to feed/ a diet

Question 23

name the energy sources

Answer 23

cereals
corn
millet
sorghum
buckwheat
wheat
barley
oats
rye

Question 24

define cereals

Answer 24

grass family primary energy source for humans and nonruminants

Question 25

describe corn

Answer 25

most important inexpensive highly digestible energy content

Question 26

what is the energy content of corn

Answer 26

high in starch, low in fiber 4% oil high in unsaturated fat low in Ca, high in unavailable phosphorus

Question 27

what is the CP of corn? why?

Answer 27

9%, because zein

Question 28

what vitamins are found in corn

Answer 28

vit A xanthophylls (color pigment) small amount of niacin (B)

Question 29

why is the phosphorus unavailable? how does it become available

Answer 29

phytate phytase

Question 30

what are mytoxins in corn

Answer 30

aflatoxin from aspergillus flavus (mold) reduces growth and feed intake causes diarrhea and liver damage

Question 31

describe millet and sorghum

Answer 31

major feedstuff grown where corn is not millet- bird seed sorghum- milo

Question 32

what is the energy of sorghum

Answer 32

similar to corm (requires some processing)

Question 33

what is the protein of sorghum

Answer 33

10% (poor)

Question 34

what is the deleterious factor in sorghum

Answer 34

condensed tannins, which react with protein and decrease feed intake

Question 35

describe wheat

Answer 35

mostly used for human consumption because it's so expensive poor quality poor digestibility (causes diarrhea) good pelleting quality

Question 36

what is the energy and protein of wheat

Answer 36

similar to corn 13%

Question 37

what is associated with wheat

Answer 37

pentosan (5-carbon sugar)

Question 38

describe barley

Answer 38

energy is lower than corn contains B-glucans protien: 12% minerals: phosphorus bound in phytate

Question 39

what does Bglucon do

Answer 39

reduces digesta flow and lipid absorption causes stick excreta glucanases can assist with digestion

Question 40

describe oats

Answer 40

low in energy processing improves digestibility high in soluble fiber protein: 12% (high) no deletorious factors expensive

Question 41

describ rye

Answer 41

12% CP similar to barely and wheat

Question 42

what are the negative characteristics of rye

Answer 42

ergot- causes necrosis of tips of extremities, reduces growth, causes abortion, and agalactia pectin- causes poor growth and sticky extcreta pentosans- causes diarrhea

Question 43

describe buckwheat

Answer 43

not cereal grain 11% CP (high) contains fagopyrin

Question 44

define fagopyrin

Answer 44

causes photosensitization in light-skinned animals leading to skin leasions