quiz four/start exam 2

Question 1

what are the four main types of carbohydrates

Answer 1

monosaccharides
disaccharides
oligosaccharides
polysaccharides

Question 2

define monosaccharide. what are the three basic types

Answer 2

basic unit of carbohydrates
glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 3

define disaccharide, and name the three basic types (and how they are created)

Answer 3

2 joined monosaccharides
maltose= glucose+glucose
sucrose= glucose+fructose
lactose= glucose+galactose

Question 4

define oligosaccharides

Answer 4

3-10 connected monosaccharides

Question 5

define polysaccharides and name 2 common ones

Answer 5

long chains of monosaccharides
starch
cellulose

Question 6

how are polysaccharides absorbed

Answer 6

they must first be fully broken down into monosaccharides

Question 7

where does digestion begin

Answer 7

the mouth

Question 8

what does saliva contain

Answer 8

a-amylase, which breaks down some polysaccharides into oligosaccharides

Question 9

define chyme

Answer 9

chewed up, partially digested food

Question 10

what is released when chyme enters the small intestine

Answer 10

cholecystokinine

Question 11

what does pancreatic a-amylase do

Answer 11

break down polysaccharides into oligosaccharides

Question 12

what does the brush boarder secrete?

Answer 12

oligosaccharidasis and disaccharidasis

Question 13

maltase-maltose=
sucrase-sucrose=
lactase-lactose=

Answer 13

2 glucose
glucose+fructose
glucose+galatose

Question 14

what are the products of digestion

Answer 14

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Question 15

where does true digestion occur

Answer 15

the small intestine

Question 16

do transporters require energy or not

Answer 16

no

Question 17

describe glucose absorption

Answer 17

Na glucose symporter on the brush boarder
allows monosaccharide into epithelial cell
contains one glucose and 2 Na

Question 18

what is the goal of absorption

Answer 18

to get into the blood

Question 19

describe GLUT 2

Answer 19

diffusion and transports glucose to the blood stream (hepatic portal system)

Question 20

what makes the HPS different

Answer 20

it connects to the organs, not the heart

Question 21

describe fructose absorption

Answer 21

GLUT 5 transports fructose in and out of the epithelial cell for absorption and blood stream

Question 22

define glucose transportation

Answer 22

glucose travels through the blood stream freely since no energy is required

Question 23

what GLUTs are insulin independent

Answer 23

1, 2, and 3

Question 24

describe GLUT1

Answer 24

found in small amounts on all cells of the body
highly concentrated on erythrocytes and blood brain barrier
high affinity for glucose
needs high concentration to transport glucose into cells

Question 25

describe GLUT2

Answer 25

aids in absorption of glucose and delivers to hepatic blood portal found on hepatocytes and pancreatic cells in high concentration low affinity for glucose needs high concentration to transport glucose into cells

Question 26

describe GLUT3

Answer 26

similar to 1, but a different location highly concentrated on neurons, which have a high affinity for glucose

Question 27

what GLUT is insulin dependent

Answer 27

GLUT 4

Question 28

describe GLUT4

Answer 28

found on muscle and adipose tissue present on membrane when insulin is present

Question 29

when is high blood glucose seen

Answer 29

after eating a meal

Question 30

why does the pancreas release insulin

Answer 30

high blood glucose

Question 31

define fed state

Answer 31

right after a meal is consumed and insulin is high

Question 32

define glucagon

Answer 32

secreted by pancreas when insulin isn't secreted to maintain blood glucose

Question 33

define fasted state

Answer 33

animal hasn't eaten anything recently

Question 34

define carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 34

glucose goes through a long process to be broken down into 2 pyruvate

Question 35

what is another name for carb metabolism

Answer 35

glycolysis

Question 36

where does glycolysis take place

Answer 36

the cytosolic portion of the cell

Question 37

what is the point of glycolysis

Answer 37

to create energy (ATP) for cell

Question 38

how many parts of the pathway are there? what is the first committed step? which steps are repeated?

Answer 38

2 (priming and obtaining energy) 3 5-9

Question 39

describe step 1

Answer 39

glucose goes to glucose 6-phosphate via ATP-->ADP, glucokinase and hexokinase

Question 40

step 2

Answer 40

glucose 6-phosphate goes to fructose 6-phosphate via phosphoglucose and isomerase

Question 41

step 3

Answer 41

fructose 6-phosphate goes to fructose 1,6biphosphate via ATP-->ADP and phosphofructokinase

Question 42

step 4

Answer 42

fructose 1,6biphosphate goes to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate via aldolase

Question 43

step 4a

Answer 43

dihydroxyacetone phosphate goes to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate via triose, phosphate, and isomerase

Question 44

step 5

Answer 44

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate goes to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate via NAH+-->NADH, H+, glyceraldehyde, 3-phosphate, dehydrogenase

Question 45

step 6

Answer 45

1,3 biphosphoglycerate goes to 3-phosphoglycerate via ADP-->ATP, phosphoglycerate, and kinase

Question 46

step 7

Answer 46

3-phosphoglycerate goes to 2-phosphoglycerate via phosphoglycerate and mutate

Question 47

step 8

Answer 47

2-phosphoglycerate goes to phosphoenolpyruvate via enolase, and produces water

Question 48

step 9

Answer 48

phosphoenolpyruvate goes to pyruvate via ADP-->ATP, pyruvate, and kinase