endocrine

Question 1

What causes hyperfunction of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Increase stimulation of the endocine gland, hyperplasia or neoplesia of an endocine gland, and ectopic tumor elsewhere

Question 2

What causes hypofunction of the endocrine system?

Answer 2

Congential defect of the gland, gland destruction, aging, atrophy due to drug administration, and receptor defects

Question 3

Exocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 3

Release digestive enzymes into the GI tract

Question 4

Endocrine function of the pancreas

Answer 4

release of hormones into the blood stream

Question 5

What does insulin do in the body?

Answer 5

Promotes cellular glucose uptake

Question 6

What does amylin do in the body?

Answer 6

Co-secreted with insulin- regulates glucose concentration- it can delay gastric empting & suppress glucagon secretion after meals

Question 7

Characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 1

Answer 7

Has almost complete beta cell destruction and therefore no insulin production = total insulin deficiency

Question 8

Causes of diabetes mellitus type 1

Answer 8

Idiopathic- strong genetic link, more common in Asian or African descent. Autoimmune-most common-body destroys beta cells

Question 9

Characteristics of diabetes mellitus type 2

Answer 9

Cells develop a resistance to insulin, pancreas releases more insulin, Exhausted beta-cells can no longer release insulin

Question 10

Causes of diabetes mellitus type 2

Answer 10

No known cause of Type 2 DM – combination of genetics and environment

Question 11

Risk factors for diabetes mellitus type 2

Answer 11

Age, obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, high cholesterol levels, family history, sedentary behaviour, prior history of gestational diabetes, and native american, hisopanic, african descent

Question 12

Most common form of diabetes mellitus

Answer 12

Type 2 DM

Question 13

Signs & symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Answer 13

May be asymptomatic, polyuria, excessive thirst, fatigue, dry skin, sores that wont heal, more infections than normal, unexplained weight loss, & sudden vision change

Question 14

Causes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 14

insulin levels are too low and glucose cannot enter the cell. The body gets energy from breaking down fat which produces ketones. This causes the blood to become acidotic

Question 15

Signs & symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 15

Polyuria, decreased level of consciousness, Kussmaul breathing, acetone smell to breath, hyperglycemia, decreased blood pH, ketonuria, glycosuria

Question 16

Risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 16

generally occurs with type 1 diabetes. Newly diagnosed diabetics, not taking enough or any insulin, or stomach illness with exces vomiting.

Question 17

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)

Answer 17

Slow onset – develops overtime – don’t see the quick breakdown of fats

Question 18

Signs & symptoms of hyperosmolar hyperglycemc syndrome (HHS)

Answer 18

High serum glucose, normal biccarbonate & pH- no acidosis, dehydration elevates glucose levels due to volume depletion

Question 19

Risk factors for Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)

Answer 19

infection – usually pneumonia, or poor adherence to diabetes meds

Question 20

Macrovascular diseases associated with diabetes mellitus

Answer 20

Cardiovascular disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and infection

Question 21

Microvascular diseases associate with diabetes mellitus

Answer 21

retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathies

Question 22

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 22

is a diabetes-related eye disease and a leading cause of blindness worldwide. It results from damage to the small blood vessels in the retina due to longstanding hyperglycemia. This condition is more common in type 2 diabetes.

Question 23

Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 23

is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). It affects about 50% of people with diabetes.

Question 24

Diabetic neuropathies

Answer 24

are the most common cause of neuropathy and result from chronic hyperglycemia leading to nerve damage.

Question 25

Gestational diabetes

Answer 25

hormones produced during pregnancy make insulin less efficient

Question 26

Fasting glucose level of a person with diabetes mellitus

Answer 26

Fasting glucose - < 7.0 mmol/L – your body should be able to break down almost all of the glucose if it has been fasting for > 8 hours 2 hours post meal - Glucose tolerance test < 11.1 mmol/L- your body should be able to control glucose levels within 2 hours of eating

Question 27

A1C level of a person with diabetes mellitus

Answer 27

percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated or covered with glucose – should be < 6.5% - measurable as the lifespan of Hgb 120 days. It is a good test to see if a diabetic is managing their insulin/glucose levels.

Question 28

A person who develops gestational diabetes is at risk for what?

Answer 28

developing type 2 DM

Question 29

2 diseases associated with damage to the posterior pituitary gland

Answer 29

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH

Question 30

Signs & symptoms of Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Syndrome (SIADH)

Answer 30

Low urinary output, high level of ADH, hyponatremia, over hydrated, and retain too much fluid,

Question 31

Signs & symptoms of Diabetes Insipidus

Answer 31

High level of urinary output, low level of ADH, hypernatremia, dehydrated, lose too much fluid

Question 32

Signs & symptoms of hyperthyroidism - Grave's disease

Answer 32

Ophthalmopathy- upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness, bulging eyes(exopthalmos). Dermopathy- red shiny round lesion of thin skin pretibial- can be asymptomatic or itching- localized myxedema

Question 33

What is a thyroid storm?

Answer 33

Acute exacerbation of hyperthyrodism. Death can occur within 24h. partially treated or undiagnosed Grave disease + increase stress

Question 34

Signs & symptoms of hypothyroidism - Hashimoto's disease

Answer 34

Loss of hair, periorbial edema, bradycardia, constipation, cold intolerance, muscle weakness, edema of extremities

Question 35

Signs & symptoms of Cushing's disease

Answer 35

weight gain, trunk, facial, and cervical area, glucose intolrrance, DM 20%, protein wasting, short stature with children, loss collagen- thin skin, weakened capillaries

Question 36

Signs & symptoms of Addison's disease

Answer 36

weakness, fatigue, hypotension, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, dehydration, elevated ACTH, nausea, weight loss