neoplasia Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is atrophy?
The decreasing of cell size (not numbers) which decreases the size of the organ.
What is hypertrophy?
The increasing of cell size (not numbers) which increases the size of the organ.
What is hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells due to an increased rate of cell division.
What is metaplasia?
Reversible replacement of a mature cell, sometimes by a less differentiated cell type.
What is dysplasia?
Atypical hyperplasia; abnormal size, shape, and organization of cells.
What is neoplasia?
Uncontrolled new growth of cells; can be benign or malignant.
What is pathological hyperplasia?
An abnormal increase in the number of cells, such as heavy menstrual bleeding caused by abnormal proliferation of normal cells.
What is physiological hyperplasia?
An increase in the number of cells that is beneficial for the body, such as compensatory regeneration or hormonal support during pregnancy.
What defines benign tumors?
Well differentiated, slow growing, encapsulated, and not invasive.
What defines malignant tumors?
Poorly differentiated, fast growing, not encapsulated, invasive, and capable of metastasizing.
How are benign cancer cells named?
Named for tissues + ‘oma’.
How are malignant cancer cells named?
Named for tissues + ‘sarcoma’ or ‘carcinoma’.
What is a sarcoma?
A tumor rising from mesenchymal or connective tissue.
What is a carcinoma?
A tumor rising from epithelial tissue.
What is the progression of cancer?
Mutation - hyperplasia - dysplasia - cancer in situ - cancer.
What are characteristics of cancer cells?
Anaplasia: Loss of cell differentiation; cells look abnormal and vary in size and shape (pleomorphism). Autonomy: Uncontrolled growth; cells ignore normal signals, resist apoptosis, and grow without regulation due to gene mutations.
What is angiogenesis?
The process of new vessel formation, which creates its own blood supply.
What are proto-oncogenes?
Normal genes that can become oncogenes when encountering a cancer-causing agent.
What causes pain in cancer?
Pressure, obstruction, invasion of sensitive structures, stretching of visceral surfaces, tissue destruction, and inflammation.
What causes fatigue in cancer?
Sleep disturbance, biochemical changes from circulating cytokines, secondary to disease and treatment, psychosocial factors, level of activity, nutritional status, and environmental factors.
1 manifestation of cancer?
Fatigue.
What causes leukopenia and thrombocytopenia in cancer?
Leukopenia is a decreased WBC count. Thrombocytopenia is a decrease in platelets due to tumor invasion of bone marrow or chemotherapy damaging bone marrow.
What causes anemia in cancer?
A lack of enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body’s tissues.
What causes infections in cancer?
Age, tumors, and surgical treatment/hospitalizations.
