fluid and electrolytes

Question 1

Edema

Answer 1

excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces

Question 2

Isotonic

Answer 2

concentration equivalent to 0.9% NaCl– NS– no shrinking or swelling

Question 3

Hypotonic

Answer 3

concentration < 0.9% NaCl ECF – cells expand

Question 4

Hypertonic

Answer 4

concentration > 0.9% NaCl ECF – cells shrink

Question 5

Percentage of TBW

Answer 5

sum of all fluids ≈ 60% of body weight in adult males – females are 55%

Question 6

What does ECF include?

Answer 6

Intravascular & Interstitial

Question 7

Interstitial hydrostatic pressure

Answer 7

inward movement from interstitial space into capillary

Question 8

Interstitial oncotic pressure

Answer 8

Pulls or attracts water from capillary into interstitial space

Question 9

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 9

push of water from capillary to interstitial space

Question 10

Capillary oncotic pressure

Answer 10

pulls fluid into the capillary

Question 11

Albumin

Answer 11

main protein that works to pull fluid into the capillary

Question 12

Startling forces

Answer 12

net forces of interstitial hydrostatic & oncotic +/- interstitial hydrostatic & oncotic pressures

Question 13

How does isotonic fluid affect cells?

Answer 13

Water moves in and out of the cell at equal rates. Cell size and shape remain stable—they don’t swell or shrink

Question 14

How does hypertonic fluid affect cells?

Answer 14

causes water to leave cells → they may shrink and shrivel

Question 15

How does hypotonic fluid affect cells?

Answer 15

causes water to enter cells → they may swell and burst

Question 16

Hypovolemia

Answer 16

Decreased blood volume (loss of water and electrolytes)

Question 17

Hypervolemia

Answer 17

Increased blood volume (fluid overload)

Question 18

Isovolemia

Answer 18

Normal blood volume

Question 19

Symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 19

Headache, confusion, restlessness, irritability- can develop seizures or coma

Question 20

Symptoms of hypernatremia

Answer 20

Thirst, confusion, muscle twitching, coma

Question 21

Symptoms of hypokalemia

Answer 21

Neuromuscular and cardiac manifestations – skeletal muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhythmias, glucose intolerance

Question 22

Symptoms of hyperkalemia

Answer 22

Mild – neuromuscular irritability- restlessness, intestinal cramping, diarrhea
Severe - ↓membrane resting potential → muscle weakness, loss of tone

Question 23

What does hyponatremia, hypervolemia mean?

Answer 23

hypervolemia means there is a lot of fluid in the body, hyponatremia that there is low concentration- so the sodium that is there is diluted

Question 24

What does hypernatremia, isovolemia mean?

Answer 24

Isovolemia means there is the normal amount of fluid in the body, hypernatremia that there is too high of concentration - so there is enough fluid it is just very concentrated

Question 25

What causes edema?

Answer 25

↑ Capillary hydrostatic pressure (e.g., heart failure) ↓ Plasma oncotic pressure (e.g., low albumin) ↑ Capillary permeability (e.g., inflammation, burns) Lymphatic obstruction

Question 26

Localized edema

Answer 26

refers to fluid accumulation at a specific area – can be localized to an organ – cerebral, pulmonary, laryngeal

Question 27

Dependent edema

Answer 27

due to gravity

Question 28

Generalized edema

Answer 28

refers to fluid accumulation that affects the whole body rather than particular organs or body areas

Question 29

Pitting edema

Answer 29

Indentation remains after pressing; indicates fluid accumulation.

Question 30

Lymphedema

Answer 30

swelling that generally occurs in one of your arms or legs - caused by the removal of or damage to your lymph nodes in that limb

Question 31

Where is the majority of potassium in the body?

Answer 31

Intracellular fluid, inside cells

Question 32

Where is the majority of sodium in the body?

Answer 32

Extracellular fluid (OUTSIDE the cell)