inflammation and tissue repair

Question 3

Hypoxia

Answer 3

decreased ability to use oxygen

Question 4

Hypoxiemia

Answer 4

reduced oxygen in blood

Question 5

Ischemia

Answer 5

decreased oxygen in tissues

Question 6

Free radical

Answer 6

uncharged atom with an unpaired electron - product of normal metabolism

Question 7

Oxidative stress

Answer 7

not able to produce enough antioxidants to break down free radicals

Question 8

Antioxidant

Answer 8

substances that can donate an electron to stabilize a free radical

Question 9

Endogenous

Answer 9

created within the body - endogenous antioxidants are what we create

Question 10

Exogenous

Answer 10

created outside the body - we consume food rich in antioxidants

Question 11

Asphyxiation

Answer 11

failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

Question 12

Suffocation asphyxiation

Answer 12

no air is exchanged in the lungs as no oxygen is available

Question 13

Strangulation asphyxiation

Answer 13

oxygen cannot enter lungs as airway is blocked

Question 14

Drowning asphyxiation

Answer 14

oxygen cannot be exchanged as aveoli are filled with fluid

Question 15

Chemical asphyxiation

Answer 15

oxygen cannot be used due to ingestion of chemical - can not bind to hemoglobin as CO is bound to hemoglobin or cannot be used in cells as use is blocked by cyanide

Question 16

Trauma

Answer 16

outside influence that is causing damage to cells/body

Question 17

Contusion wound

Answer 17

bruise, bleeding in skin

Question 18

Laceration wound

Answer 18

ragged, irregular wound

Question 19

Incised wound

Answer 19

straight, precise wound

Question 20

Stab wound

Answer 20

deeper than long wound

Question 21

Puncture wound

Answer 21

circular wound, sharp point, but not sharp edges - think needle rather than knife

Question 22

Necrosis

Answer 22

unplanned cellular death - swelling or bursting of cell

Question 23

Apoptosis

Answer 23

controlled cellular mediated death - example - normal aging

Question 24

Autophagy

Answer 24

controlled cellular mediated process - cell is attempting to salvage self by eliminating non-functioning parts of cell

Question 25

Coagulative necrosis

Answer 25

loss of nucleus, outlined preserved - caused by inadequate blood flow to heavy organ - heart, kidney, adrenal

Question 26

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 26

transforms tissue into liquid - seen in neurons in brain tissue

Question 27

Caseous necrosis

Answer 27

tissue encapsulates self produces soft white cell mass - typically tuberculosis in lungs

Question 28

Fatty necrosis

Answer 28

cellular death in fatty tissue - typically harmless - seen in breast

Question 29

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 29

severe hypoxic injury typically seen on exterior of body

Question 30

Dry gangrene necrosis

Answer 30

blood supply is slowly reduced - cleaner, shriveling of tissue

Question 31

Wet gangrene necrosis

Answer 31

blood supply is quickly reduced - cellular rupture

Question 32

Gas gangrene necrosis

Answer 32

necrotic tissue is infected with Clostridium

Question 33

Immunity

Answer 33

the body's ability to resist or protect itself from disease

Question 34

Innate immunity

Answer 34

immunity that we are born with

Question 35

Steps of inflammatory response

Answer 35

1. dilation of blood vessels 2. platelets and neutrophils come to site 3. release of chemokines to attract cells 4. further dilation of vessels 4. phagocytosis of foreign antigens

Question 36

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 36

Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling, Loss of function

Question 37

Goal of inflammatory response

Answer 37

Stop bleeding, limit infection, activate adaptive immune response

Question 38

-itis

Answer 38

Inflammation of body part

Question 39

systemic signs of inflammation

Answer 39

Fever, increased neutrophils, lethargy, increased ESR, increased C-reactive protein

Question 40

Acute inflammation

Answer 40

less than 2 weeks, visible, responds to treatment, 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Question 41

Chronic inflammation

Answer 41

Greater than 2 weeks - months to years, prolonged exposure to irritants, cannot fight infection, can develop fibrosis and angiogenesis (start of new blood flow), not all of cardinal signs visible

Question 42

Systemic signs that are in chronic inflammation and not acute inflammation

Answer 42

granuloma, fibrosis, swollen lymph nodes, depression, insomnia, weight loss/gain

Question 43

Phases of wound healing

Answer 43

Coagulation, Proliferation, Remodeling, Maturation

Question 44

Wound healing by primary intention

Answer 44

clean incision, edges brought back together and sutured closed

Question 45

Wound healing by secondary intention

Answer 45

gaping wound, tissue is lost and edges cannot be brought together

Question 46

Wound healing by tertiary intention

Answer 46

wound that is potentially contaminated, or for another reason, edges cannot be brought together initially, after a small amount of time, wound is closed and sutured closed

Question 47

Wound Adhesions

Answer 47

abnormal union of surfaces due to inflammation or injury - typically seen in GI tract, tissues that are not supposed to be joined become joined

Question 48

Wound Contractures

Answer 48

abnormal union of surfaces due to inflammation or injury - typically seen outside of body, tissue that are not supposed to be joined become joined

Question 49

Wound Dehiscence

Answer 49

edges of wound come apart after some healing has occured

Question 50

Wound Evisceration

Answer 50

internal organs protrude through a wound dehiscennce or a wound that was previously healing

Question 51

Wound Excessive scar formation

Answer 51

scar growth extends beyond wound bed

Question 52

Causes of dysfunctional wound healing

Answer 52

high or low blood supply, obesity, excessive fibrin, diabetes, infection, nutrition, medications