Endocrine System

Question 0

What is a “functioning” endocrine tumour?

Answer 0

May allow secretion of too much hormone

Question 1

What are endocrine glands responsible for?

Answer 1

Manufacture, storage and release of at least 1 hormone

Question 2

What is a “non-functioning” endocrine tumour?

Answer 2

A tumour that results in too little hormone being secreted

Question 3

What is the diencephalon?

Answer 3

The central core of the cerebrum, with connections to the right and left hemispheres and the midbrain

Question 4

Where is the hypothalamus?

Answer 4

Dienchephalon Diencephalon = thalamus + hypothalamus

Question 5

Which lies superiorly, the thalamus or the hypothalamus?

Answer 5

Thalamus

Question 6

Which structure lies inferiorly to the hypothalamus?

Answer 6

Brain stem - midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 7

What nerves does the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone transmit and what do they supply?

Answer 7

Olfactory - sense of smell

Question 8

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Infundibulum

Question 9

Where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 9

Midline structure in the pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

Question 10

Which two hormones are produced by the axons of the hypothalamic neurones which pass into the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

Oxytocin Vasopressin

Question 11

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotrophic hormone Lutenising hormone Follicle stimulating hormone

Question 12

What role does the hypothalamus play in regulation of secretions from the anterior pituitary?

Answer 12

Hypothalamic neurones secrete either releasing hormones to promote secretion or release-inhibitory neurones

Question 13

Where do the hypothalamic neurones secrete their hormones into?

Answer 13

Hypophyseal portal system

Question 14

Where does the blood from the anterior pituitary drain into?

Answer 14

Hypophyseal veins and to the SVC

Question 15

Which gland is often referred to as the “master gland”?

Answer 15

Pituitary gland

Question 16

What is a goitre?

Answer 16

An enlarged thyroid gland

Question 17

Which chemical does the thyroid gland use to manufacture it’s hormones?

Answer 17

Iodine

Question 18

What are the two hormones secreted by the thyroid gland?

Answer 18

Triiodothyronine Thyroxine

Question 19

What do thyroid hormones regulate?

Answer 19

Metabolism Stimulation of growth

Question 20

Where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 20

Attached to the thyroid cartilage superiorly Passes the cricoid cartilidge bilaterally Right and left lobe meet at the isthmus on the trachea

Question 21

Where are the four parathyroid glands located?

Answer 21

The posterior surfaces of the thyroid glands lobes

Question 22

What does the parathyroid gland secrete and what does this regulate?

Answer 22

Parathyroid hormone This regulates the amount of calcium in blood and bone

Question 23

Which glands are under pituitary control?

Answer 23

Thyroid gland Adrenal cortex Gonads

Question 24

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 24

Left and right, inferior and superior thyroid artery

Question 25

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 25

Left and right, superior and inferior thyroid veins

Question 26

What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas?

Answer 26

The islets of langerhans

Question 27

Where are the adrenal glands?

Answer 27

Capping the superior ends of the kidneys

Question 28

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 28

Adrenal medulla Adrenal cortex

Question 29

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 29

Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Androgens

Question 30

The secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex is under pituitary control?

Answer 30

Glucocorticoids

Question 31

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 31

Adrenaline Noradrenaline

Question 32

What arteries supply each adrenal gland?

Answer 32

Right and left superior suprarenal artery Right and left middle suprarenal artery Right and left inferior suprarenal artery

Question 33

What are the three paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 33

Adrenal arteries Renal arteries Gonadal arteries

Question 35

What is the venous drainage of the adrenal glands?

Answer 35

Right suprarenal vein - drains into the IVC Left suprarenal vein - drains into the left renal vein

Question 36

Which structure does the pituitary gland lie immediately inferior to?

Answer 36

Optic chiasm

Question 37

Which cranial nerve is the optic chiasm formed from?

Answer 37

CN2, right and left optic nerve

Question 38

Which route do the optic tracts take once they have crossed in the optic chiasm?

Answer 38

They pass posteriorly from the optic chiasm, and after synapsing in the thalamus the next axons in the chain pass via the optic radiation to the visual cortex

Question 39

Where is the visual cortex located?

Answer 39

Occipital lobe

Question 40

What side of the visual field does the nasal retina get information from?

Answer 40

Temporal side

Question 41

Where is information from the nasal side of the visual field detected?

Answer 41

The temporal retina

Question 42

What effect might a pituitary tumour have on the visual pathway?

Answer 42

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 43

What is the transcranial approach to accessing the pituitary fossa surgically?

Answer 43

Getting access from the side, under the frontal lobe

Question 44

What is the transsphenoidal approach to accessing the pituitary fossa surgically?

Answer 44

Getting access via the nasal cavities and the sphenoid sinus

Question 45

How does the thyroid gland begin its development embyrologically?

Answer 45

It begins as a midline proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and the posterior 1/3

Question 46

How does the thyroid gland continue it's development embryologically (after proliferation at the tongue)?

Answer 46

It migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

Question 47

At which embryological stage does the thyroid gland reach it's final position?

Answer 47

Week 7

Question 48

Where are the platysma muscles located?

Answer 48

In the superficial fascia immediately deep to the skin on the anterior surface of the neck

Question 49

Which group of muscles do the platysma muscles belong to and which nerve innervates them?

Answer 49

The muscles of facial expression Innervated by the facial nerve (CN7)

Question 50

Which fascial compartment in the neck lies deep to the superficial fascia and encloses all other neck compartments?

Answer 50

Investing fascia

Question 51

Which two muscles are enclosed within the investing (deep) fascia of the neck?

Answer 51

Trapezius Sternocleidomastoid

Question 52

Which fascial compartment of the neck is the thyroid gland located in and what other structures are also contained within it?

Answer 52

Pretracheal fascia Also contains: Strap muscle Trachea Oesophagus Recurrent laryngeal nerves

Question 53

Where is the retropharyngeal space located?

Answer 53

Between the pretracheal fascia and the prevertebral fascia

Question 54

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

Answer 54

Mastoid process of temporal bone Manubrium of sternum Clavicle

Question 55

Which nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscle?

Answer 55

CN X1 - the spinal accessory nerve

Question 56

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

Answer 56

Common, then internal carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 57

Which arteries supply the thyroid gland?

Answer 57

Right & left superior and inferior thyroid artries

Question 58

Which artery does the inferior thyroid artery branch from?

Answer 58

Subclavian artery

Question 59

Which artery does the superior thyroid artery branch from?

Answer 59

External carotid artery

Question 60

Which veins drain the thyroid gland?

Answer 60

Right & left superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins

Question 61

Which vein does the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into?

Answer 61

Internal jugular

Question 62

Which vein do the inferior thyroid veins drain into?

Answer 62

Brachiocephalic veins

Question 63

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

Answer 63

Superior and inferior deep cervical lymph nodes Pretracheal node Paratracheal nodes

Question 64

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

Answer 64

Under the subclavian artery

Question 65

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur?

Answer 65

Under the arch of the aorta

Question 66

What are the names of the strap muscles?

Answer 66

Omohyoid Thyrohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid

Question 67

What structure is being indicated here?

Answer 67

Thyroid gland

Question 68

Which muscle is being indicated here?

Answer 68

Thyrohyoid

Question 69

Which muscle is being indicated here?

Answer 69

Sternothyroid

Question 70

Which muscle is being indicated here?

Answer 70

Omohyoid

Question 71

Which muscle is being indicated here?

Answer 71

Sternohyoid