ENT Flashcards
1
Q
s/s of herpes keratitis
A
sever eye pain, photophobia, and blurred vision in one eye
2
Q
herpes keratitis is diagnosed with
A
fernlike lines on corneal surface using flourescein dye
3
Q
complication of herpes keratitis
A
corneal blindness
4
Q
exam with acute angle-closure glaucoma reveals
A
mid-dilated pupil that’s oval shaped, cloudy cornea
5
Q
treatment for acute angle-closure glaucoma
A
medical emergency
6
Q
s/s of acute vision loss
A
sudden onset of floaters or black dots, scotoma (retinal detachment), blurred vision, eye pain
7
Q
s/s of cholesteatoma
A
“cauliflower-like” growth with foul-smelling discharge to ear; hearing loss
8
Q
those with cholesteatoma often have a hx of
A
chronic otitis media infections
9
Q
complication of cholesteatoma
A
can damage CN VII (facial)
10
Q
treatment for cholesteatoma
A
atbx and surgical debridement, refer to ENT
11
Q
acute onset of bruise behind ear over the mastoid area after recent trauma
A
Battle’s sign
12
Q
Battle’s sign indicates
A
fracture of basilar skull
13
Q
s/s of basilar skull fracture
A
Battle’s sign, clear golden fluid discharge from ear or nose (CSF)
14
Q
rare complication where a patient with a hx of sinus or facial infection will present with severe headache and high fever
A
cavernous sinus thrombosis
15
Q
s/s of peritonsillar abscess
A
severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, trismus, “hot- potato” voice, fever, one-sided swelling with uvula displaced
16
Q
trx for peritonsillar abscess
A
refer to ED for I&D
17
Q
sore throat, fever, swollen neck “bull neck”, hoarsness, dysphagia with gray-yellow colored pharynx
A
diphtheria
18
Q
the macula is responsible for
A
central vision
19
Q
the area of the eye that determines 20/20 vision
A
fovea
20
Q
cobblestoning inner conjunctiva can be seen in patients with
A
atopy, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis
21
Q
age-related vision change that causes difficulty focusing and ability to read print at close range
A
presbyopia
22
Q
thickened, white patches inside of mouth that may be cancerous
A
leukoplakia
23
Q
management for avulsed tooth
A
store in cool milk see refer to dentist ASAP
24
Q
this kind of nystagmus is always abnormal
A
vertical
25
optic disc swelling with blurred edges d/t increased ICP
papilledema
26
finding with hypertensive retinopathy
copper and silver wire arterioles
27
finding with diabetic retinopathy
microaneurysms caused by neovascularization
28
chronic steroid use can cause
cataracts
29
"grain of salt" papules in the buccal mucosa
Koplik spots, appear with measles
30
mucosal lining inside eyelids
palpebral conjunctiva
31
mucosal lining covering the eyes
bulbar conjunctiva
32
farsightedness
hyperopia
33
nearsightedness
myopia
34
abnormal Snellen chart result
two-line difference between each eye; less than 4 out of 6 letters correct
35
interpretation of 20/60
a person can see at 20 feet what the patient can see at 60 feet
36
legal blindness is characterized as
20/200
37
Weber test
placed on forehead, sound should not lateralize
38
Rinne test
placed on mastoid process, then front of ear. Normal is AC> BC
39
fluorescein dye with corneal abrasion
linear lines on cornea
40
s/s of corneal abrasian
severe eye pain with tearing; will keep affected eye shut.
41
treatment for corneal abrasion
check vision, flush with NS, if unable to remove, refer. Treat with erythromycin or polytrim x3-5 days.
42
Do not do this for corneal abrasion
do NOT patch eye
43
F/U for corneal abrasion in
24 hours, if not improved, refer
44
painful acute bacterial infection of hair follicle on eyelid
hordeolum (stye)
45
trx of stye
sulfa or erythromycin drops, warm compress bid-tid
46
chronic inflammation of the meibomian gland
chalazion
47
different between hordoleum (stye) and chalazion
hordoleum is painful and itchy; chalazion is not painful
48
yellow triangular thickening of bulbar conjunctiva caused by UV damage
pinguecula and pterygium
49
difference between pinguecula and pterygium
pinguecula will not cover the cornea; pterygium can cover cornea and affect vision
50
treatment for pinguecula and pterygium
weak steroid eye drops, sunglasses, surgery if pterygium starts affecting vision
51
subconjunctival hemorrhage can be caused by
coughing, sneezing, heavy lifting, vomiting, on ASA or anticoagulants
52
subconjunctival hemorrhage usually resolve within
1-3 weeks
53
normal intraocular pressure
8-21 mmHg
54
risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma
elderly, African Americans, diabetes
55
In primary open-angle glaucoma, gradual changes occur in ____ first, then ____
peripheral vision; central
56
caused by gradual onset on increased intraocular pressure
open angle glaucoma
57
treatment for open angle glaucoma
Betimol beta blocker eye drops
58
contraindications for betimol beta-blocker eye drops for open angle glaucoma
asthma, COPD, heart block, heart failure
59
sudden blockage of aqueous humor causing increased intraocular pressure
primary angle closure glaucoma
60
s/s of primary angle closure glaucoma
acute onset of severe frontal headache with eye pain, decreased vision, halos around lights N/V
61
high risk of anterior uveitis in those with
autoimmune disease
62
s/s of anterior uveitis
red sore eyes with increased tearing
63
which form of macular degeneration is most common and less severe?
atrophic (dry form)
64
The exudative (wet form) of macular degeneration is responsible for
vision loss
65
s/s of macular degeneration
painless central vision loss; peripheral vision not affected
66
Treatment for macular degeneration
refer to opthalmologist, Amsler grid (focus eye on center dot daily).
67
chronic autoimmune disorder where there is decreased function of the lacrimal and salivary glands
Sjogren's syndrome
68
s/s of Sjogren's syndrome
dry eyes and dry mouth for > 3 months
69
trx for Sjogren's syndrome
artificial tear gtts, check ESR/CRP, refer to ophthalmologist and rheumatologist.
70
chronic red inflammation to eyelids that causes itching
blepharitis
71
trx for blepharitis
johnson's baby shampoo with warm water scrub eyelids;
72
Treatment for allergic rhinitis
nasal steroid sprays, decongestants, antihistamine
73
prolonged use of nasal decongestants for more than 3 days causing rebound nasal congestion
rhinitis medicamentosa
74
First line trx for strep throat
penicillin; Zpack if allergic to PCn
75
An acute type of AOM that causes more pain; presence of blisters on red/bulging TM.
bullous myringitis
76
AOM will lead to this kind of hearing loss
conductive
77
If AOM does not start resolving in 48-72 hours then,
switch to either Augmentin or (cefuroxime) Ceftin
78
first line trx for AOM
amoxicillin 875 mg x 10-14 days
79
first line trx for AOM if allergic to PCN
Zpack x 5 days, Bactrim DS
80
s/s of otitis media with effusion
bulging TM with fluid level
81
trx for otitis media with effusion
oral decongestants, steroid nasal spray
82
organisms that cause otitis externa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (-), Staph aureus (+)
83
s/s of otitis externa
ear pain, swelling, green purulent discharge
84
trx for otitis externa
cortisporin otic QID x 7 days; or ciprofloxacin + hydrocortisone bid x 7 days
85
triad of mononucleosis
fatigue, pharyngitis, posterior cervical lymphadenopathy
86
avoid this drug if allergic to PCN
cephalosporins
87
difference b/t stye and chalazion
stye is painful, chalazion is not painful
88
medication for angular cheilitis
topical nystatin
89
common cause of angular cheilitis
C. albicans
90
first line trx for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS)
augmentin
91
a characteristic of H. influenza is
may have some antimicrobial resistance to beta-lactamase
92
when sound gets better in a noisy enviornment
conductive hearing loss
93
Rinne test in conductive hearing loss
BC>AC
94
Weber test in conductive hearing loss
lateralizes to impaired ear
95
when hearing worsens in noisy enviornment
sensorineural hearing loss
96
Rinne test in sensorineural hearing loss
AC> BC
97
Weber test in sensorineural hearing loss
sound lateralizes to good ear
98
diphenhydramine is cautiously given in those with
BPH, COPD, glaucoma
99
most common cause of epiglottiitis
H influenza type b
100
s/s of epiglottitis
sore throat, stridor, sniffing posture, drooling, fever
101
Do not attempt to visualize pharynx if this is suspected
epiglottitis
102
rotavirus is given at
2 and 4 months
103
PCV13 is given at
2, 4, 6, 12-15 months
104
MMR is given at
12-15 months, 4-6 years
105
Hib is given at
2, 4, 12-15 months
106
DTap is given at
2, 4, 5, 15-18 months, 4-6 years
107
TdaP is given at
11-12 years, college freshmen, booster ever 10 years
108
varicella vaccine is given at
12-15 months, 4-6 years
109
s/s of acute rhinosinusitis
purulent nasal discharge, nasal congestion, tooth discomfort, facial pressure (esp when bending forward)
110
s/s suggestive of bacterial sinusitis
fever, purulent drainage; symptoms for more than 10 days
111
trx for rhinosinusitis
promote drainage
112
trx for bacterial sinusitis if allergic to PCN
doxycycline or quinolone
113
how long to trx for bacterial sinusitis
5-7 days
114
when should noticeable improvement occur after atbx for ABRS
3-5 days
115
complication of ABRS
periorbital cellulitis
116
diagnostic for periorbital cellulitis
CT with contrast
117
complications of GABHS
peritonsillar abscess, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
118
Centor criteria for GABHS
absence of cough, fever greater than 100.4F, anterior lymphadenopathy, tonsillar exudate and swelling, age 3-14
RADT if greater than 2 points
119
If GABHS is not treated within 24-48 hours, then
symptoms will spontaneously resolve in 2-5 days. Can sequelae into rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis.
120
Mononucleosis is caused by
Epstein-barr virus
121
s/s of mono
fever, pharyngitis, fatigue, posterior adenopathy, splenomegaly
122
diagnostic for mono
monospot (likely to be positive on 2-3rd week); EBV titers, CBC shows atypical lymphocytes
123
how long those with mono need to avoid direct contact sports
3-4 weeks
124
treatment for rhinitis medicamentosa
nasal steroid
125
first choice trx for allergic rhinitis
nasal steroid: diminishes allergic response overtime
126
4 step assessment of all eye complaints
1. assess visual acuity
2. examine with lamp or penlight
3. fluourescein staining
4. lid eversion
127
if patient only c/o scratchy and gritty sensation in eyes without visual changes, then suspect
viral conjunctivitis
128
best predicting s/s of AOM
cloudy, bulging TM with impaired mobility
129
causes of AOM in children
viral, streptococcus pneumonia
130
AOM in those less than 6 months old
always treat with atbx
131
f/u with AOM
in 48-72 hours
