Enzymes and Energy Carriers

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Question 2

what is an enzyme

Answer 2

biological catalyst
biological-made by the body and used by the body
catalyst-speeds up chemical reactions without being used up itself

Question 3

what are the 2 types of reactions

Answer 3

anabolic and catabolic

Question 4

anabolic reaction

Answer 4

builds smaller molecules into larger molecules. requires energy

Question 5

give 2 examples of anabolic reactions

Answer 5

photosynthesis, protein synthesis

Question 6

catabolic reaction

Answer 6

breaks large molecules into smaller molecules. releases energy

Question 7

2 examples of catabolic reactions

Answer 7

respiration, digestion

Question 8

what is the anabolic enzyme

Answer 8

DNA polymerase
joins nucleotides forming DNA

Question 9

what does the catabolic enzyme do

Answer 9

breaks down starch into maltose

Question 10

chemical nature of an enzyme

Answer 10

protein

Question 11

shape/structure of an enzyme

Answer 11

chains of amino acids folded into a 3D globular shape

Question 12

what is the specificity of an enzyme

Answer 12

enzyme has a specific shape that only matches with a specific substance (substrate)

Question 13

chemical composition

Answer 13

C, H, O, N

Question 14

formula for enzymes

Answer 14

substrate + enzyme=product

Question 15

active site

Answer 15

the part of the enzyme where the substrate combines to the enzyme.

Question 16

lock and key model

Answer 16

the substrate fits precisely into the active site of the complementary enzyme (forming the enzyme substrate complex) the substrate changes to products and are released

Question 17

induced fit model

Answer 17

1. enzyme is specific to one particular substrate
2. substrate moves into active sight of the complimentary enzyme
3. the substrate causes the active site to change shape slightly to allow for a perfect fit, forming the enzyme substrate complex
4. substrate changes to products and are released
5. active site of enzyme returns to its original shape so that it can be reused.
   + diagram pg 76 book 1

Question 18

how do conditions effect how enzymes work?

Answer 18

they have certain conditions where they work best, this is known as their optimum activity

Question 19

what are the 2 factors that affect enzyme activity

Answer 19

temperature and pH

Question 20

optimum temperature

Answer 20

temperature at which enzymes work their best

Question 21

what is the optimum temp for animals and humans

Answer 21

37

Question 22

what is the optimum temp for plants

Answer 22

20-30C

Question 23

optimum pH

Answer 23

pH at which enzymes work at their best rate

Question 24

what is the optimum pH for most enzymes

Answer 24

7-9

Question 25

what is the exception for optimum pH

Answer 25

pepsin-found in stomach- pH 2

Question 26

denaturation

Answer 26

when an enzyme has lost its shape and can no longer function

Question 27

factors effecting denaturation

Answer 27

if pH and temp change sufficiently from the enzymes optimum the active site irreversibly changes shape

Question 28

why can the enzyme no longer work if it is denatured?

Answer 28

if the active site has changed shape, the substrate cannot combine with the enzyme anymore and therefore can no longer function

Question 29

what temp causes denaturation

Answer 29

anything above 60

Question 30

what pH causes denaturation

Answer 30

anything out of the optimum of 7-9

Question 31

bioprocessing

Answer 31

reactions involving enzymes to produce a product

Question 32

bioreactor

Answer 32

a vessel in which products are made by microorganisms

Question 33

immobilised enzymes

Answer 33

enzymes that are fixed to each other or inert material ie a gel - unreactive

Question 34

what are the physical methods of immobilisation

Answer 34

absorption enclosed by a membrane *Trapped in a gel*

Question 35

what are the chemical methods of immobilisation

Answer 35

bonded to a support *bonded to each other*

Question 36

what are the advantages of immobilistation

Answer 36

immobilised enzymes are: easily removed from product can be reused reducing cost more stable the efficiency of the enzyme is no effected

Question 37

uses of immobilisation

Answer 37

lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose. these monosaccharides are used as sweeteners penicillin acylase breaks down penicillin to form new anti biotics

Question 38

what are the 3 energy carriers

Answer 38

ADP, NADP+, NAD+

Question 39

what does ADP stand for

Answer 39

adenosine diphosphate (di = 2 phosphates)

Question 40

what type of energy does ADP have

Answer 40

low energy

Question 41

what does ATP stand for

Answer 41

adenosine triphosphate (tri= 3 phosphates)

Question 42

what type of energy does ATP have

Answer 42

high energy

Question 43

what do molecules energy carriers do

Answer 43

they trap and transfer energy during cellular processes

Question 44

what does NAD stand for

Answer 44

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 45

what does NADP stand for

Answer 45

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Question 46

what process is NAD+ involved in?

Answer 46

respiration

Question 47

what process is NADP+ involved in?

Answer 47

photosynthesis

Question 48

what energy does NAD+ have

Answer 48

low

Question 49

what energy does NADP+ have

Answer 49

low

Question 50

how is NADH formed?

Answer 50

when NAD+ combines with 2 electrons and 1 proton it becomes NADH

Question 51

how is NADPH formed

Answer 51

when NADP+ combines with 2 electrons and 1 proton is forms NADPH