Human Reproduction Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Draw a labelled diagram of the male reproductive system
A
Bladder
Seminal vesicles
Sperm ducts
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Scrotum
Testis
Epididymis
Coppers gland
2
Q
Function of the scrotum
A
Contains the testis and holds them outside the body
3
Q
Why are testis located outside the body?
A
Sperm production requires a lower temperature of 25°C
4
Q
What are the 2 functions of the testes
A
Sperm production
Testosterone production
5
Q
What produces sperm?
A
Seminiferous tubules
6
Q
What is the function of the epididymis
A
To mature and store sperm
7
Q
Where is sperm matured
A
Epididymis
8
Q
Function of sperm duct
A
Carry sperm to the urethra
9
Q
Function of the urethra
A
Carries sperm and urine out of the body
10
Q
What are the 3 glands in the male reproductive system
A
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowpers gland
11
Q
What are the components of semen
A
Sperm + seminal fluid
12
Q
What do the 3 glands produce?
A
Seminal fluid
13
Q
What is the function of seminal fluid
A
To provide a medium for sperm to swim
14
Q
Draw and label a sperm
A
Head:
Nucleus
Acrosome
Middle:
Collar
Tail:
Flagellum
15
Q
Function of the acrosome
A
Contains digestive enzymes that break down the membrane of the egg
16
Q
Are sperm haploid or diploid discuss
A
Haploid- they are formed by meiosis in the testes
17
Q
Which part of the sperm contain mitochondria
A
Middle- collar
18
Q
How long can sperm survive in the female body
A
0-7 days
19
Q
How many chromosomes are found in sperm
A
23
20
Q
Name the form of cell division that results in the production of sperm
A
Meiosis
21
Q
Does a zygote contain mitochondria from both gametes?
A
No, zygote only contains mitochondria from the egg as only the head of the sperm enters the egg and a sperms mitochondria are in its collar (middle)
22
Q
Function of the sperms flagella
A
allows it to move
23
Q
What are androgens
A
Male hormones
24
Q
what are gonads
A
sexual glands that undergo meiosis ie testis and ovaries
25
gamete
haploid cell capable of fusion
26
how many chromosomes does a sperm have
23
27
which part of the sperm enters the egg?
head only
28
what does FSH stand for
follicle stimulating hormone
29
function of FSH
causes diploid cells in testes to divide by meiosis producing sperm ie stimulates sperm production
30
where is FSH made
pituitary gland
31
what does LH stand for
lutenising hormone
32
function of LH
testosterone production
33
where is LH made
pituitary gland
34
function of testosterone
responsible for the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics
35
what are primary sexual characteristics
the presence of male and female reproductive parts
36
secondary sexual characteristics
features that distinguish males from females, apart from sex organs themselves
37
male secondary sexual characteristics
- growth of pubic, facial and body hair
- voice breaking
- a growth spurt at puberty
- increased muscular development and bone development
38
draw a large labelled diagram of the female reproductive system
fallopian tube
ovary
funnels
uterus
endometrium
cervix
vagina
vulva
39
function of the ovary
produce egg and female hormones
40
where does fertilization occur
fallopian tube
41
what is the function of the funnels
catch the egg after it is released from the ovary
42
how is the egg moved along the fallopian tube
peristalisis
43
what is the outer wall of the uterus made of
involuntary muscle
44
function of endometrium
nourishes fertilized egg
45
function of cervix
separates uterus from the vagina
46
uterus function
site of implantation, holds developing embryo, forms placenta
47
what is the vagina
elastic muscular tube that allows entry of sperm
48
what is the function of mucous in the vagina
to protect against the entry of pathoagens
49
name the 2 female hormones
oestrogen and progesterone
50
female secondary characteristics
maturing and enlargement of breasts
widening of pelvis to allow for birth
growth of pubic and underarm hair
a growth spurt
51
what do ovaries produce
eggs
oestrogen
progesterone
52
when does a female recieve its eggs
a female foetus has all its potential eggs at birth
53
are potential eggs haploid or diploid
diploid
54
by what form of cell division do haploid eggs form
meiosis
55
how many haploid eggs are produced each month
20
56
how many eggs are released from the ovary?
usually only 1
57
ovulation
release of an egg from an ovary
58
what is the first structure that surrounds an egg
graafian follicle
59
what hormone does the graafian follicle produce
oestrogen
60
what does the graafian follicle change to at ovulation
corpus luteum
61
which hormone does the corpus luteum secrete
progesterone
62
how long is the average menstrual cycle
28 days
63
list the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
FSH
LH
oestrogen
progesterone
64
what is the purpose of the menstrual cycle
to prepare the body for pregnancy
65
describe the events of days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle
endometrium breaks down and menstruation occurs
FH stimulates the production of an egg
egg is surrounded by the graafian follicle
66
describe the events of days 6-14 of the menstrual cycle
graafian follicle releases oestrogen
oestrogen causes the lining of the uterus to build up and prevents the production of another egg
67
describe the events of days 14 of the menstrual cycle
graafian follicle releases the egg
LH is responsible for ovulation
68
describe the events of days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle
graafian follicle developes into the corpus luteum
corpus luteum releases progesterone which maintains the lining of the uterus and prevents more eggs from developing
69
fertile period
time when fertilization is most likely to occur
70
which days are referred to as the fertile period
12-16
71
what causes menstruation
drop in progesterone levels
72
where is FSH produced
pituitary gland
73
when is FSH active in the menstrual cycle
days 1-5
74
function of FSH in females
stimulates egg production and causes oestrogen to be produced
75
where is oestrogen produced
in the ovary and graafian follicle
76
when is oestrogen active in the menstrual cycle
days 6-14
77
what is the function of oestrogen
causes the lining of the uterus to build up
78
where is LH produced
pituitary gland
79
function of Lh in females
causes ovulation
80
when is LH present in the menstrual cycle
day 14
81
where is progesterone produced
corpus luteum
82
when is progesterone active in the menstrual cycle
day 14-28
83
what is the function of progesterone
maintains the lining of the uterus
84
name a menstrual disorder
fibroids
85
what are fibroids
benign tumours in the uterus lining
86
what causes fibroids
abnormal response to the contraceptive pill
87
what is the prevention of fibroids
none
88
treatment of fibroids
surgery
89
symptoms of fibroids
heavy and prolonged menstruation
pain
miscarriage or infertility
90
sexual arousal
penis becomes erect
vagina become lubricated elongated and wider
91
copulation
penis is inserted into the vagina
heart rate and breathing rate increase
92
orgasm
pelvis muscles contract heart and breathing rate increase
semen is released from the penis (ejaculation)
sphincter muscles in males closes
contraction of vagina and uterus helps sperm swim towards fallopian tube
93
insemination
release of sperm into the female
94
what chemical does an egg release to attract sperm
chemotaxis
95
fertilisation
the union of sperm and egg nuclei to form a diploid zygote
96
function of the acrosome
releases enzymes to digest the egg membrane
97
infertility
inability to produce offspring
98
what is male infertility
low sperm count or mobility
99
what causes male infertility
smoking
100
correction of male infertililty
stop smoking
101
what is female infertility
failure to ovulate
102
cause of female infertility
FSH or LH not produced
103
correction of female infertility
hormone supplements
104
what type of division does a zygote divide by
mitosis
105
implantation
the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus
106
when does implantation occur
6-9 days after fertilisation
107
what membrane is formed at implantation
amnion
108
what is the function of the amnion
secretes amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber
109
when does the placenta form
after implantation
110
what tissues/materials ect make up the placenta?
uterine and embryonic tissue
111
what is the outer membrane the EMBRYO forms after implantation
the chorion.
112
what are the functions of the placenta
exchange of materials between mother and embryo
produces progesterone
prevents the embryo and mothers blood from mixing
113
what are some examples of materials passed in the placenta
oxygen, food, antibodies, drugs enter the embryo
co2 salts and urea enter the mother
114
why is it important that the mother and babys blood types do not mix
the 2 blood groups may not be compatible
the blood pressure of the mother may cause damage to the embryo
minimises the chance of infection passing from mother to foetus
115
in vitro fertilisation
involves removing eggs from an ovary and fertilising them outside the body
116
how does IVF work?
fertility drugs are given to the female to stimulate the ovaries to produce more than 1 egg
these eggs are surgically removed and fertilised.
if embryos form, they are placed back into the uterus to implant naturally
117
why is twins or triplets ect common with ivf
more than one embryo is placed into the uterus to increase the likelyhood of pregnancy
118
what is a major problem with IVF
its very expensive
119
why do people freeze their eggs?
egg count and quality reduces overtime so many women choose to freeze eggs to preserve the quality
120
what does the zygote develope into
morula
121
what is the morula
a solid ball of cells that are undifferenciated
122
what forms from the morula
blastocyst
123
what is a blastocyst
a ball of cells with a fluid filled cavity
124
what is the outer layer of the blastocyst called
trophoblast
125
what forms from the trophoblast
the embryo
126
germ layers
basic layers of cells in the blastocyst from which adult tissue and organs will form
127
what are the 3 germ layers
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
128
function of the ectoderm
forms skin, hair, nails, nervous system
129
function of the mesoderm
forms muscles and skeletal system
130
function of the endoderm
forms inner lining of digestive system and the respiratory system
131
how many layers does the mesoderm have
2
132
what is the space between the 2 layers of the mesoderm
coelom
133
function of the coelom
produces more complex organs
134
embryo development week 4
heart is formed and starts to beat, brain and umbilical cord start to form
135
embryo development week 5
internal organs formed, limbs formed
136
embryo development week 6
eyes visible, nose and ears forming
137
embryo development week 8
tail shortened, bone starts replacing cartilage. now called the foetus
138
from what week can sex be determined in
pregnancy
12 weeks onwards
139
gestation
the length of time spent in the uterus from fertilisation to birth
usually 38 weeks
140
what structure produces oestrogen and progesterone during pregnancy
placenta- it acts as an endocrine gland
141
the drop of what hormone begins labour
progesterone
142
which hormone causes contractions
oxytocin
143
stage one of birth
contractions push the head of the foetus towards the cervix
the amnion bursts and amniotic fluid is released
144
stage 2 of birth
head of the baby is forced out through the vagina
145
stage 3 of birth
the afterbirth is expelled from the vagina
146
why are babies born headfirst
its easier, safer and less painful
147
lactation
is the production of milk by the mothers breasts. it is stimulated by breastfeeding
148
prolactin
hormone produced by the pituitary of the mother after birth which stimulates milk production
149
colostrum
thick yellow fluid produced by the breasts for the first few days after birth before the milk. high in protein, minerals and antibodies
150
benefits of breastfeeding
ideal nutrients
antibodies fight infection
safe as it is sterile
improves recovery in the mother
reduces risk of breast cancer
151
birth control
involves taking steps to reduce the number of children born
152
contraception
involves using methods to prevent fertilisation or pregnancy
153
what are the 4 types of contraception
natural
mechanical
chemical
surgical
154
natural contraception
not having sexual intercourse during the fertile period
monitoring body temperature- raises slightly after ovulation
155
mechanical contraception
physical barrier to stop egg and sperm meeting eachother
male condom
female diaphragm
156
chemical contraception
chemicals that kill sperm ie spermicides or hormones to prevent egg formation ie the pill
157
surgical contraception
vasectomy or tying tubes
