The skeleton and muscles Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
what is the skeleton composed of
A
rigid structures called bones
cartilage
2
Q
what is the name of the place when bones meet
A
joints
3
Q
function of ligaments
A
attach bones to bones
4
Q
function of tendons
A
attach muscle to bones
5
Q
functions of skeleton
A
support
protects organs
aids movement
shape
manufacturing blood cells
6
Q
what does the axial skeleton consist of
A
skull
vertebrae
ribs
sternum
7
Q
how many bones are in the skull
A
22 bones
8
Q
what is the cranium
A
the 22 bones in the skull fused together
9
Q
label the skeleton
A
10
Q
disc
A
pad of fluid enclosed by cartilage located between most vertebrae
11
Q
how many bones are in the spine
A
33
12
Q
what are the bones in the spine called
A
vertebrae
13
Q
function of the vertebrae
A
surround and protect nerves of the spinal cord
14
Q
function of discs
A
act as shock absorbers, protect vertebrae from rubbing off each other, allow movement
15
Q
what are the five regions of vertebrae
A
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
16
Q
no of vertebrae in cervical spine
A
7
17
Q
no of vertebrae in thoracic spine
A
12
18
Q
no of vertebrae in lumbar spine
A
5
19
Q
no of vertebrae in sacrum spine
A
5
20
Q
no of vertebrae in coccyx spine
A
4
21
Q
which regions of the spine have discs?
A
cervical thoracic and lumbar
22
Q
which regions of the spine are fused
A
sacrum and coccyx
23
Q
how many ribs are in the rib cage
A
12 pairs - 24 individual
24
Q
what are true ribs
A
the first 7 ribs that are attached to the sternum
25
what are false ribs
next 3 pairs that are attached to each other at the front of the chest and to the sternum by cartilage
26
what are floating ribs
the remaining 2 pairs that do not attach to the sternum
27
what is the appendicular skeleton
consists of the limb bones and the girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
28
what are the 2 types of girdle
pectoral
pelvic
29
what does the pectoral girdle consist of
shoulder blades
collarbone
humerous
radius
ulna
carpal
metacarpals
phalanges
30
what does the pelvic girdle consist of
2 halfs of hip and sacrum
leg: femur, patella, fibula, tibia
foot: tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
31
what is cartilage made up of
collagen and other proteins
32
what type of protein is collagen
fibrous- firm but flexible
33
function of cartilage
protect bones, allow friction free movement
34
how are materials transported through cartilage
cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves so it relies on diffusion to transport materials through cells
35
why is cartilage slower to heal than bone
cartilage lacks blood vessels and nerves so it relies on diffusion to transport materials through cells whereas bone has a large blood supply
36
examples of cartilage
pinna in ear, nose, trachea, discs, end of bones
37
epiphyses
end of long bone
38
diaphysis
long part of bone
39
periosteum
connective tissue layer surrounding bone
40
compact bone
70% inorganic salts 30% protein
mostly found in diaphysis
41
spongy bone
same components as compacts except structure is network of thin bony bars with hollow in between
hollows filled with red marrow
42
medullary cavity
contains bone marrow,
young people- active red bone marrow
adults- yellow marrow can be changed to red marrow if needed
43
function of periosteum
blood supply to bones and protection
44
function of compact bone
for strength
45
function of spongy bone
reduces weight of bones and contains the red bone marrow
46
function of red bone marrow
produces red blood cells
47
function of yellow bone marrow
stores fat
48
bone development before birth
skeleton of embryo= cartilage
49
bone development after birth
epiphyses calcify
cartilage remains at the junctions between epiphyses and diaphysis called growth plates
50
function of growth plates
enable bone to elongate during childhood and puberty
51
osteoclasts
bone digesting cells present in medullary cavity
52
how do osteoclasts work
they break down bone that lines the cavity and deposit outside the bone release calcium into the blood
53
what controls the function of osteoclasts
parathormone
54
what is the result of osteoclasts functon
weaker thinner bones
55
what forms osteoblasts
dormant osteocytes
56
function of osteoblasts
form new bone
57
how do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together
to englarge medullary cavity then build up compact bone lining it resulting in strong structure and minimum weight
58
factors affecting bone renewal
physical activity- stress on bones = thicker stronger bones
hormone levels:
- GH and sex hormones increase size of bones, mass of bones especially during puberty
- parathormone controls release of calcium
59
what are the 3 types of joint
immovable
slightly movable
freely moveable
60
what are immovable joints
bones held together without cartilage
61
what is a suture
where fused bones meet
62
give an example of a fused joint
skull
63
what is a slightly moveable joint
where bones need to be flexible but do not move
64
example of a slightly moveable joint
vertebrae
65
what is another name for a freely moveable joint
synovial joint
66
features of a synovial joint
ends of bones covered in cartilage
bones are separated by a cavity
cavity is enclosed by fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
bones are held together by flexible ligaments that allow movement
67
synovial fluid
a clear sticky liquid that reduces friction in the joint and acts as a lubricant
68
examples of synovial joints
ball and socket joints ie shoulder or hip
hinge joints eg elbow or knee
69
ball and socket joint
movement in all directions- cannot support heavy loads
70
hinge joint
movement in one direction only
71
what are the 3 types of muscle
smooth
skeletal
cardiac
72
where is smooth muscle found
digestive system
bladder
blood vessels
73
where is skeletal muscle found
found around the skeleton
74
where is cardiac muscle found
heart
75
contraction power of smooth muscle
contracts and tires slowly
76
contraction power of skeletal muscle
contracts and tires quickly
77
contraction power of cardiac muscle
contacts strongly
78
function of smooth muscle
under conscious control
79
function of skeletal muscle
used to move the bones
80
function of cardiac muscle
does not tire and it is involuntary
81
antagonistic muscles
2 muscles working in a pair that have opposite effects to each other
82
example of antagonistic muscles
biceps and triceps
83
name a muscular skeletal disorder
arthritis
84
what happens when biceps contract
arm bends
85
what happens when triceps contract
arm straightens
86
what are the 2 types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
87
cause of osteoarthritis
caused by deterioration of cartilage as a result of bones rubbing against each other
88
cause of rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disease where immune system mistakenly sends antibodies attacks synovial membrane
89
prevention of arthritis
choose to walk or swim as a form of exercise over running
wearing proper footwear when exercising
90
treatment of arthritis
no cure
rest exercise weight loss
anti- inflammatory
