Human defence

Question 1

pathogen

Answer 1

disease causing microorganism

Question 2

immunity

Answer 2

ability to resist infection

Question 3

name 2 organs in the human body which are specific to the immune system

Answer 3

lymph nodes
spleen

Question 4

give 2 reasons why blood clotting is so important

Answer 4

prevents pathogens from entering the blood
prevents excess blood loss

Question 5

what are lysosomes

Answer 5

enzymes that break down the bacterial cell wall

Question 6

general defence system

Answer 6

the non specific methods used to prevent the entrance of pathogens into the body and killing of those who do

Question 7

specific defence system

Answer 7

the immune response, defends the body against specific pathogens that have gained entry to the body

Question 8

what are the first lines of defence

Answer 8

barriers to entry of pathogens

Question 9

name the barriers of entry of pathogens

Answer 9

the skin- physical barrier
oil sebaceous glands- prevent lodging of pathogens
mucus producing cells and cilia protect respiratory tract
lysosome
blood clots
symbiotic bacteria in the vagina form lactic acid which inhibits growth of pathogens

Question 10

where are lysosomes produced

Answer 10

sweat tears and saliva

Question 11

second lines of defence

Answer 11

inflammatory reaction
phagocytic white blood cells
defence proteins

Question 12

inflammatory reaction

Answer 12

increased temperature, lots of white blood cells rush to area of infection

Question 13

function of phagocytic white blood cells

Answer 13

scavenge around the blood and engulf any pathogens

Question 14

what are the 2 types of defence proteins

Answer 14

complement
interferon

Question 15

function of complement proteins

Answer 15

make a hole in bacteria fill with fluid and burst

Question 16

function of interferon proteins

Answer 16

make surrounding cells resistant to a virus

Question 17

name 2 places in the body where mucus membrane linings are found

Answer 17

trachea
nose

Question 18

name 2 places in the body where acid is found

Answer 18

vagina
stomach

Question 19

function of lymphocytes

Answer 19

to produce antibodies

Question 20

antibodies

Answer 20

proteins produced by the body in response to an antigen

Question 21

antigen

Answer 21

substance on the surface of a bacteria/ virus that causes antibody production

Question 22

describe the antibody antigen response

Answer 22

every antigen causes a specific antibody to be produced
the specific antibody attaches to the antigen on the invader resulting in the destruction of the pathogen in 1 of 2 ways:
1. the cell wall becomes permeable and bursts and dies
2. a phagocyte recognises the antibody-coated pathogen and engulfs it

Question 23

induced immunity

Answer 23

the ability to resist disease caused by specific pathogens by the production of antibodies

Question 24

active immunity

Answer 24

when a person makes its own antibodies in response to foreign pathogens

Question 25

what is induced active immunity

Answer 25

when the body has learned to produce the correct antibody and the body remembers it

Question 26

how is induced active immunity made artificialy

Answer 26

vaccination

Question 27

vaccine

Answer 27

a non disease causing dose of a pathogen introduced into a person to induce an antibody response, leading to immunity to that disease

Question 28

passive immunity

Answer 28

when a person is given the antibodies that were formed by another individual

Question 29

is passive immunity long term or short term

Answer 29

short term- lasts until the antibodies are broken down in the recipients body

Question 30

examples of passive immunity

Answer 30

breastfeeding tetanus shot

Question 31

immunisation

Answer 31

occurs when we produce or are injected with antibodies against a pathogen

Question 32

give the precise location in the body where lymphocytes are produced

Answer 32

bone marrow/ thymus

Question 33

identify the type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies

Answer 33

plasma B

Question 34

identify the part of a virus that recognised by antibodies

Answer 34

antigen

Question 35

explain why antibiotics are not prescribed to cure COVID-19

Answer 35

it is a viral infection, antibiotics only treat bacterial infections

Question 36

name the 2 types of induced immunity

Answer 36

passive actice

Question 37

give one difference between active and passive immunity

Answer 37

active- long lasting passive- short term

Question 38

write a note on vaccination

Answer 38

vaccine= non disease causing dose of a pathogen introduces the antigen activates memory B + T cells stimulates antibody production by lymphocytes

Question 39

explain why active immunity results in long lasting immunity

Answer 39

a person can produce their own antibodies and memory T remembers the antigen

Question 40

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes that are produced by the body

Answer 40

B + T lymphocytes

Question 41

B lymphocytes

Answer 41

recognise one specific antigen and produce antibodies in response to that antigen

Question 42

which B lymphocyte specifically produces antibodies

Answer 42

plasma B

Question 43

what do memory B cells do

Answer 43

remember the antigen and can make the same specific antibody

Question 44

where do T lymphocytes mature

Answer 44

thymus gland

Question 45

function of T lymphocytes

Answer 45

they allow for a quicker more intense production of antibodies (THEY DO NOT PRODUCE ANTIBODIES)

Question 46

what are the 4 types of T lymphocytes

Answer 46

killer T helper T suppressor T memory T

Question 47

function of helper T

Answer 47

recognise antigen, stimulate B cells to produce antibodies and activates killer T

Question 48

function of Killer T

Answer 48

stimulated by helper T attack and destroy infected cells

Question 49

how do killer T kill infected cells

Answer 49

produce perforin which forms pores in the infected cell

Question 50

function of suppressor T

Answer 50

stop the immune response

Question 51

function of memory T cells

Answer 51

remember the antigen and allow for long term immunity stimulates memory B cells

Question 52

outline how any 1 feature of the human general defence system works

Answer 52

skin is a physical barrier that secretes oil mucus in nose and trachea traps dirt and dust

Question 53

why is a person more likely to pick up an infection in hospital

Answer 53

they are already sick immune system is weaker antibiotic resistance

Question 54

name a group of white blood cells other than lymphocytes

Answer 54

monocytes

Question 55

under what circumstance might an antibody rather than a vaccination be given

Answer 55

if the infection has already occurred or no vaccine is available

Question 56

vaccine

Answer 56

non disease causing dose of a pathogen introduced to induce an antibody response leading to immunity to that disease

Question 57

what are the 2 types of lymphocyte produced by the body

Answer 57

B and T

Question 58

where are B lymphocytes matured

Answer 58

bone marrow, spleen, tonsils and other lymph nodes