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LC Biology > Human Nutrition > Flashcards

Human Nutrition Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

nutrition

A

the way in which an organism obtains and uses its food

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2
Q

digestion

A

the physical and chemical breakdown of food

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3
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that cannot make their own food

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4
Q

autotrophs

A

organisms that can make their own food

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of heterotrophs

A

omnivores
carnivores
herbivores

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6
Q

omnivore

A

an organism that eats both plant and animal material e.g humans

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7
Q

carnivore

A

eat animals only e.g pike

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8
Q

herbivore

A

eat plant material only e.g squirrels

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9
Q

draw a labelled digestive system diagram

A

pg 50 book 3

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10
Q

what are the 4 stages of digestion

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. egestion
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11
Q

ingestion

A

putting food into our mouth

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12
Q

digestion

A

physical+ chemical breakdown of food

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13
Q

absorption

A

absorption of nutrients

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14
Q

egestion

A

removal of waste of digestion ie faeces

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15
Q

what are the types of digestion

A

mechanical and chemical

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16
Q

mechanical digestion

A

the physical breakdown of food ie chewing in mouth or churning in stomach

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17
Q

chemical digestion

A

the breakdown of food into smaller molecules by enzymes

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18
Q

what are the 4 types of teeth

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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19
Q

what is the function of incisors

A

biting and cutting

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20
Q

what is the function of canines

A

gripping and tearing

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21
Q

what is the function of premolars and molars

A

chewing

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22
Q

what is the dental formula

A

2[i2/2 c1/1 pm2/2 m3/3]

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23
Q

how does physical digestion work?

A

teeth in the mouth physically breakdown food into smaller pieces
which increases the surface area for chemical digestion

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24
Q

how does chemical digestion work?

A

salivary amylase acts on starch in the food and breaks it down to maltose

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25
oesophagus
carries food from mouth to stomach
26
peristalsis
the wave of muscular contraction of the gut wall that helps to move the food through the alimentary canal
27
what is the stomach
a muscular bag that holds/digests food
28
what muscles are in the stomach and what do they do?
sphincter muscles regulate the opening and closing of the stomach
29
where is the stomach located
to the left of the liver just below the diaphragm
30
name 3 things in the stomach
hydrochloric acid enzymes(pepsin) mucus
31
function of mucus membrane
protects stomach wall from acid prevents pepsin from breaking down stomach wall
32
function of pepsin
digests protein (chemical digestion)
33
function of hydrochloric acid
kills bacteria
34
what is chyme
a liquid produced when food is physically digested by churning and mixes with other things.
35
what are the functions of the small intestine
digestion and absorption
36
what are the 2 parts of the small intestine
duodenum illeum
37
function of duodenum
digestion
38
function of illeum
absorption
39
what 3 organs are involved in the chemical breakdown of food in the small intestine
pancreas liver gallbladder
40
function of pancreas
secretes pancreatic juice
41
what is pancreatic juice
made up of water enzymes (proteases, lipase, amylase) sodium bicarbonate
42
function of pancreatic amylase
breaks down starch to maltose
43
function of pancreatic lipase
breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
44
function of pancreatic protease
breaks down protein to peptides
45
location of the liver
to the right of the stomach beneath the diaphragm
46
function of the liver
PRODUCES BILE breaks down red blood cells stores fat soluble vitamins produces heat detoxifies the body ie drugs + alcohol
47
function of gallbladder
stores bile
48
what is bile
a green/yellow liquid that contains -bile salts to emulsify fats -sodium bicarbonate to neutralise chyme
49
how is bile carried to the duodenum
via the bile duct
50
what is a villus
an infolding in the interior lining of the small intestine. there are millions of these.
51
function of villi
increase the surface area to allow for more absortion
52
how do villi work?
each villus has its own blood supply to allow food molecules to enter the capillary and be transported to the liver PROCESS= DIFFUSION
53
what are the adaptations of villi for absorption
wall of villi one cell thick large blood supply lots of them = more absorption microvilli= more surface area
54
villus diagram
pg 56
55
function of lacteals
fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into lacteals which connects to lymph nodes as these cannot be transported in the blood ie to transport fatty acids and glycerol
56
what happens to fatty acids and glycerol in the lacteals
fats are reformed and covered in a protein and they then move into the lymph vessels and there they are transferred back to the bloodstream
57
what is the process of absorption?
diffusion
58
where do absorbed materials go?
digested materials pass through the villi by diffusion digested lipids and fat-soluble vitamins pass into lacteals which is connected to the lymphatic system where they are returned to the bloodstream all other products go directly from the villi to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
59
what are the blood supplies to the liver
hepatic portal vein hepatic artery hepatic vein
60
hepatic portal vein
carries digested nutrients from the small intestine to the liver
61
hepatic artery
brings oxygenated blood to the liver
62
hepatic vein
carries deoxygenated blood and other nutrients from the liver
63
where do the nutrients go from the liver?
they travel to cells all over the body where they are needed
64
adaptations of the small intestine
ileum is very long- allows for digested food to come into contact with the ileum wall for longer the folded wall and the villi increase the surface area for absorption the cells lining the ileum are thin walled which allows for the rapid movement of substances through them the wall is well supplied with blood vessels and lacteals to carry the digested food away
65
what are the parts of the large intestine
caecum appendix colon rectum
66
what is the function of the caecum and the appendix?
they have no known function
67
how does the large intestine work
liquid waste material enters the large intestine the colon absorbs water and mineral salts back into the blood when water is removed waste becomes more solid this semi solid waste is faeces faeces are stored in the rectum and are released from the body through the anus
68
egestion
the removal of indigested waste from the gut
69
why is the large intestine called large
it has a larger diameter than the small intestine
70
function of colon
to absorb water and mineral waste back into the blood
71
symbiotic bacteria
bacteria that live on or in another organism where at least one of the organisms benefits
72
function of symbiotic bacteria
produce vitamins B + K digest some cellulose occupy space preventing the growth of pathogens the bacteria have food and shelter in return
73
what are some fibre rich foods
brown pasta brown bread
74
how does fibre work
it cannot be digested in our system it absorbs water which makes faeces softer and easier to pass provides bulk which keeps the contents of the gut moving

LC Biology (34 decks)

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