EX 1 Flashcards by CHESKA CIANNELLE FRANCISCO

Q

Application of scientific disciplines with the object of acquiring knowledge of drug from every point of view
– Fluckiger

A

PHARMACOGNOSY

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Q

Applied science that deals with the biological and economic features of natural drugs and their constituent
-Tyler

A

PHARMACOGNOSY

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Q

Art of resolving plants into its chemical constituents
Isolating the most important components in the form of pure chemical compounds

A

PLANT CHEMISTRY

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Q

Study of the composition of plant principle, their extraction, biosynthesis, and identification

A

PHYTOCHEMISTRY

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Q

PLANT SOURCES

region in which the plant or animal yielding the drug grows

A

GEOGRAPHIC SOURCE

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Q

PLANT SOURCES

Plant grows in their native countries

A

INDIGENOUS

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Q

PLANT SOURCES

plant grows in foreign land aside from their country of origin

A

NATURALIZED

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Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

grounded according to plant part and forms (structures)

A

MORPHOLOGY

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Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

natural relationship or Phylogeny

A

TAXONOMY

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Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

Pharmacologic activity

A

THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION

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Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS

active / inert

A

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT

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Q

Vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the process of collection and drying

A

CRUDE DRUG

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Q

PLANT METABOLITES

relatively more abundant in plants, but are of lower value
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids

A

PRIMARY METABOLITES

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Q

PLANT METABOLITES

present in small quantities but are of high value
unique to a particular species
may have biological role (anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties, etc.)

A

SECONDARY METABOLITES

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

part of plant which may have the highest content of active constituent

A

COLLECTION

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION

Rhizomes / Roots

A

after the vegetative process

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION

Stem / Barks

A

before the vegetative process

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION

Leaves

A

when the photosynthesis is active

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION

Flower

A

when they are about to bloom (bud)

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION

Fruits

A

when ripe

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS | RULES FOR COLLECTION

Seeds

A

when matured

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

hand labor and mechanical device

A

Harvesting

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Q

PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

Removal of moisture

A

Drying

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Q

why is drying important

A

prevent molding / growth of bacteria

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# **METHODS OF DRYING** **air** dying , **sun** drying and **shade** drying

Natural

# **METHODS OF DRYING** **oven** at **40-60°C**

Artificial

# **METHODS OF DRYING** **temperature** for **oven** drying

40-60 C

# **METHODS OF DRYING** **temprature** for **oven** drying: ***leaves***, ***herbs***, and ***flowers***

20-40 C

# **METHODS OF DRYING** **temperature** for **oven** drying: ***bark***, ***roots***

30-60 C

these plant compounds are known to have **antioxidant** properties

flavonoids

# **METHODS OF DRYING** * **Rapid** drying * **Retains** the **color** of flower and leaves * **Retains** the **aroma** of aromatic plants

Artificial drying

# **PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS** **removal** of **extraneous matters** such as plant part, dirt and added adulterant

Garbling

**PREPARATION OF CRUDE DRUGS** | in order

1. collection 2. harvesting 3. drying 4. garbling 5. packaging, storage and preservation

# **PROPER STORAGE OF PLANT EXTRACT** as a standard precaution, **all plant extracts** properly labelled should be stored in the ____, at temperatures between ____

cold, 0-5 C

# **PROPER STORAGE OF PLANT EXTRACT** if kept at **room temperature**, the extract can be **treated** with a trace of ____ (CAUTION: **carcinogenic**) or ____ (CAUTION: **toxic fumes**) to **prevent fungal growth**

chloroform, toluene

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** **activate enzymes** present in the leaves and bring about **decomposition** of the **glycosides**

MOISTURE

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** due to **excessive condensation of moisture** to the **inner metal walls**

CONTAINERIZED SHIPMENT

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** leads to **loss** of **volatile constituents**

INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** **decomposition** of **certain constituent**

DIRECT SUNLIGHT

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** assist **resinification** of **volatile oils** and **rancidity** of **fixed oil**

OXYGEN

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** effect of **oxygen** in **volatile oils**

resinification

# **FACTORS FOR DETERIORATION** effect of **oxygen** in **fixed oils**

rancidity

* **Simple** & **rapid** * designed for a **minimum of equipment**; * reasonably **selective** for the class of compounds under study; * **quantitative** in so far as having a knowledge of the lower limit of detection is concerned; and if possible * should give **additional information** as to the **presence** or **absence** of **specific members of the group** being evaluated

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

It refers to the **extraction**, **screening** and **identification** of the **medicinally active substances found in plants**.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

STEPS IN PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING

1. authentication & extraction 2. separation & isolation 3. characterization 4. quantitative evaluation 5. pharmacological assessment

# **PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING** is the **separation** of **medicinally active portions** of plant/animal tissues **using selected solvents** through standard procedures.

EXTRACTION

# **PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING | EXTRACTION** **solvent** is called

menstruum

# **PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING | EXTRACTION** the **undissolved part** is called

marc

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** **boiling**

DECOCTION

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** why is **80%** is the **most ideal solvent** used in **extraction**

it is where **secondary metabolites** are **most soluble**

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** uses **hot water** | tea

INFUSION

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** uses **solvent** (80%)

MACERATION

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** **gentle heat** with **maceration**

DIGESTION

What are the **common variation** in **extraction methods**?

1. **length** of the extraction period 2. **solvent** used 3. **pH** of the solvent 4. **temperature** 5. **particle size** 6. **Solvent-to-sample** ratio

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** with the use of **pressure**

EXPRESSION

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** Alkaloids, **salts of veg. acids**

1% HCl

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** ***Fats, Fixed oils, waxes, pigments, resin***

PETROLEUM ETHER

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** **preferred** for phytochemical screening

80% alcohol | methanol / ethanol

# **METHODS OF EXTRACTION** with the use of **percolater**

PERCOLATION

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** Alkaloids, ***resins*** and ***Glycosides***

ETHER AND CHLOROFORM

Basic parameters that may **influence** the **quality** of the extracts

* plant part used * solvent used * extraction procedure

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** ***Pentosans*** and ***hemicellulose***

5% NaOH

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** Glycosides, ***tannins***, ***saponin***, ***resin***

95% ALCOHOL

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** ***Hydrophilic*** & ***lipophilic*** components, ***phenolics***, tannins

ACETONE

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** selective extraction of ***terpenoids***

DICHLOROMETHANOL

# **Solvents for Commonly Used for Extraction** glycosides, ***sugar***, ***salt***, ***gum mucin***, ***proteins***

WATER

The **effect** of **extracted phytochemicals** depends on:

1. **Nature** of plant material 2. Its **origin** 3. **Degrees** of processing 4. **Moisture** content 5. **Particle size**

# **METHODS FOR SEPARATION** **water soluble** constituents like ***carbohydrates***, and ***amino acids***

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

The variations in **different extraction methods** that will **affect** the **quantity** and **secondary metabolite** composition of an extract depend upon:

1. **Type** of extraction 2. **Time** of extraction 3. **Temperature** 4. **Nature** of solvent 5. Solvent **concentration** 6. **Polarity**

# **METHODS FOR SEPARATION** **lipid soluble** constituents like ***fats***, ***fixed oils***, ***waxes***, and ***chlorophyll***

THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY

# **METHODS FOR SEPARATION** **volatile** compounds like ***HC***, ***terpenes***, and ***fatty acids***

GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

**instrument** used to **separate** the **solvent** from the **extract**

ROTAVAPOR

# **FORMULA** equivalent weight/mL

**weight** of plant **sample** (g) / **volume** of the plant **extract** (mL)

# **FORMULA** percentage yield

**weight** of **extract** / **weight** of **plant sample** x 100