EX 4 Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Common attributes of carbohydrates are that they contain
A
- CARBON
- HYDROGEN
- OXYGEN
2
Q
carbohydrates are what type of sugars
A
polyhydric / alcoholic sugars (aldehyde sugars)
3
Q
A major source of energy for us.
Potatoes, bread, pasta and rice are rich in ____.
A
carbohydrates
4
Q
general formula for carbohydrates
A
Cn(H₂O)n
5
Q
body’s main source of energy that can be obtained from carbohydrates
A
GLUCOSE
6
Q
storage forms of energy
A
starch & glycogen
7
Q
type of sugar that is not being used by the body (it is only stored)
A
glycogen
8
Q
glycogen storage
A
liver & muscles
9
Q
CARBOHYDRATES
cell wall of bacteria
A
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
10
Q
CARBOHYDRATES
exoskeleton of many insects
A
CHITIN
11
Q
4 major classes of carbohydrates
A
Mono
Di
Oligo
Poly
12
Q
- Simple sugars
- Formed by only one polyhydroxy aldehydic or ketonic unit
A
MONOSACCHARIDE
13
Q
the most abundant monosaccharide
A
D-glucose / Dextrose
14
Q
Meaning “two sugars“
Are commonly found in nature as sucrose, lactose, and maltose
Formed by a condensation reaction where one molecule of water condenses or is released during the joining of two monosaccharides
A
DISACCHARIDES
15
Q
DISACCHARIDES
glucose + fructose
A
SUCROSE
16
Q
DISACCHARIDES
glucose + glucose
α-1,4
A
maltose
17
Q
DISACCHARIDES
glucose + glucose
β-1,4
A
cellubiose
18
Q
DISACCHARIDES
glucose + galactose
A
lactose
19
Q
bond between carbohydrates
A
glycosidic bond
20
Q
Disaccharides are commonly found in natrue as
A
sucrose
lactose
maltose
21
Q
- also known as table sugar
- most common type of disaccharide
A
SUCROSE
22
Q
DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
SUCROSE
A
a1 - B2
23
Q
DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
MALTOSE
A
a1-4
24
Q
DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS
LACTOSE
A
B1-4
25
# **DISACCHARIDES | GLYCOSIDIC BONDS**
LACTULOSE
B1-4
26
**Short chains** of monosaccharide units (**2 to 20**) linked by glycosidic bonds
OLIGOSSACCHARIDES
27
are **long polymers** of monosaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES
28
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
made up of **one type** of sugar unit
HOMOGLYCANS
29
**most abundant** oligosaccharide
disaccharides
30
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
composed of **more than one type** of sugar unit; **repeating disaccharide units**
HETEROGLYCANS
31
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **two** carbon sugar
* does **not** occur free in nature
* need **chemical reaction**
HYDROXYACETALDEHYDE
32
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **three** carbon sugar
* intermediate product in **glycolysis**
* glycolysis pathway - **step 5**
GLYCERALDEHYDE
DIHYDROXYACETONE
33
**final product** of **glycolysis pathway**
pyruvate
34
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **four** carbon sugar
* **not** found free in nature
ERYTHROSE
35
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
**four** carbon sugars
ERYTHROSE
ERYTHRULOSE
36
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **five** carbon sugars
* product of **gum hydrolysis**; the sugar present in the **RNA**
RIBOSE
37
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **five** carbon sugar
* **wood** sugar
* **simplest** sugar **found** in **plants**
* a **diagnostic aid** for **intestinal absorption**
XYLOSE
38
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
**five** carbon sugars
ribose
ribulose
xylose
xylulose
39
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **six** carbon sugar
* **dextrose**, **grape** sugar, **physiologic** sugar; **β-D-glucose**
GLUCOSE
40
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
the most abundant type of **glucose**
β-D-glucose
41
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **six** carbon sugar
* **levulose**, **fruit sugar**;
* **sweetest** but with after-taste;
* product of **inversion** of aqueous solution of **sucrose** and **hydrolysis of inulin**
FRUCTOSE
42
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **six** carbon sugars
* found in **milk** and in **neuronic fibers** as galactosides
GALACTOSE
43
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
**galactose** is found in **neuronic fibers** as ____
galactosides
44
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
**fructose** is a **product of inversion** of ____
aq. soln of sucrose & hydrolysis of inulin
45
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **seven** carbon sugar
* a **ketoheptulose**
SEDO**HEPT**ULOSE
46
# **MONOSACCHARIDES**
* **nine** carbon sugars
* **sialic** acid
* an **aldononose**
NEURAMINIC ACID
47
# **DISACCHARIDES**
sources of sucrose
sugar beet (*Beta vulgaris*)
sugar maple (*Acer saccharum*)
cane (*Saccharum officinale*)
48
# **DISACCHARIDES**
table sugar
sucrose
49
# **DISACCHARIDES**
* **malt** sugar
* **major degradation product** of **starch hydrolysis**
maltose
50
# **DISACCHARIDES**
* **milk** sugar
* main source: **cow's milk**
lactose
51
# **DISACCHARIDES**
* **Duphalac®**
* a **semi-synthetic** sugar
* product of **alkaline rearrangement** of lactose
* used as **laxative** for **myocardial infarcted** patients (to avoid straining)
lactulose
52
# **DISACCHARIDES**
**maltose** is the **major degradation product** of ____
starch hydrolysis
53
# **DISACCHARIDES**
**lactulose** is used as ____ for **myocardial infarcted patients**
laxative
54
# **OLIGOACCHARIDES**
* **3** glucose units
* intermediate product of **starch hydrolysis**
malto**tri**ose
55
# **OLIGOACCHARIDES**
* **several** glucose units
* responsible for the **browning of the bread**
* **product** of **partial hydrolysis** of **starch**
dextrin
56
# **OLIGOACCHARIDES**
**dextrin** is responsible for the
browning of the bread
57
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* structural polysaccharide in **plants**
* **cell wall** of plants
cellulose
58
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* structural polysaccharide in **animals**
* **cell wall** of animals and **fungi**
chitin
59
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* **storage** polysaccharide in **plants**
* composed of **amylose** and **amylopectin**
starch
60
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
**starch** is composed of ____ and ____
amylose & amylopectin
61
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* **water soluble starch** with >90% amylopectin
* used to treat **shock**
hetastarch
62
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* **storage** polysaccharide in **animals**
* **more branched** than starch (**every 10 units**)
glycogen
63
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
branching of **glycogen**
every 10 glucose units
64
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* **polyfructan** of **fructofuranose**
* imrpoves **digestion**
* **B-1,2 bond**
inulin
65
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
* **homopolyglucan** of **a-1,6 bond**
* formed from **sucrose** by the action of **transglycolase enzyme system**
* used as **plasma expander** (**6%** plasma expander)
dextran
66
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
**dextran** is formed from sucrose by the action of what **enzyme system**
transglycolase enzyme system
67
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HOMOGLYCANS**
**dextran** is used as ____
6% plasma expander
68
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
present in **vitreous humor (eyes)** and in **synovial fluid (joints)**
hyaluronic acid
69
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
present in **cartilage**, **tendons**, and **ligaments**
chondroitin sulphate
70
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
present in **skin**
dermatan sulphate
71
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
present in **nails**
keratan sulphate
72
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
an **anticoagulant**
heparan sulphate
73
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
found in **sea-weeds**
agarose
74
# **POLYSACCHARIDES | HETEROGLYCANS**
present in **bacterial cell wall**
peptidoglycan
75
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
* a **heteroglycan** found in the **primary cell walls** of the **plants**
* rich in **galacturonic acid**
* used as **gelling agents**, **thickening agents** and **stabilizers in food**
PECTIN
76
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
**pectin** is rich in
galacturonic acid
77
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
**protopectin** is found in
**unripe** fruit
78
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
**pectic acid** is found in
just riped fruit
79
# **POLYSACCHARIDES**
**pectinic acid** is found in
**overripe** fruit
80
# **EXTRACTION OF STARCH**
formula for **%yield**
wt of the **starch** / wt of the **plant sample** x 100
