PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS Flashcards
1
Q
- basic nitrogenated compounds comprising the largest class of secondary plant metabolites
- physiologically active
- usually occur in plants as their water-soluble salts
- form double salts with Hg, Au, Pt, and other heavy metals;
- these salts are obtained as precipitates which are micro- crystallographic
- bitter taste
A
ALKALOIDS
2
Q
ALKALOIDS
form double salts with
A
Hg, Au, Pt
3
Q
ALKALOIDS
usually occur in plants as their ____
A
water-soluble salts
4
Q
ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT
Mayer’s Test
A
cream color ppt
5
Q
ALKALOIDS
Mayer’s reagent
A
Potassium mercuric iodide
Ma - Mayer
Me - Mercuric
K - potassium
i - iodide
6
Q
ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT
Dragendorff’s test
A
orange color ppt
7
Q
ALKALOIDS
Dragendorff’s reagent
A
Potassium bismuth iodide
Dra - dragendorff
K - potassium
Bio - bismuth iodide
8
Q
ALKALOIDS
Wagner’s reagent
A
Iodine in potassium iodide
W - wagner
i - iodine
Ki - potassium iodide
8
Q
ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT
Hager’s test
A
yellow color ppt
8
Q
ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT
Wagner’s test
A
reddish brown color ppt
9
Q
ALKALOIDS
Valser’s reagent
A
Mercuric iodide
Va - valser
Mer - mercuric
I - iodide
9
Q
ALKALOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT
Valser’s test
A
white color ppt
10
Q
- plant constituents which produces sugars as products of hydrolysis
- sugar ethers
- hydrolyzed by boiling mineral acids
- regulatory, protective and sanitary compounds
A
GLYCOSIDES
11
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- sugar component
- common denominator
- inactive
A
GLYCONE
12
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- non sugar component
- basis of classification
- active
A
AGLYCONE
a = means “non”
13
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- steroidal glycosides also known as “cardiac glycosides”
- have a prominent effect on the heart muscle
- steroid structure:
* cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus (CPPP nucleus)
A
CARDENOLIDE & BUFADIENOLIDE
14
Q
GLYCOSIDES
steroidal glycosides are also known as
A
cardiac glycosides
ex. digoxin
15
Q
GLYCOSIDES
Cardenolide & Bufadienolide are steroidal glycosides which have a prominent effect on the
A
heart muscle
16
Q
GLYCOSIDES
CPPP nucleus meaning
A
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus
17
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- more common
- optimum activity
- C-23, unsaturated
- 5 membered lactone ring
A
CARDENOLIDES
18
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- less common (from toad skin to Bufo spp.)
- less activity
- C-24, doubly unsaturated
- 6 membered lactone ring
A
BUFADIENOLIDES
19
Q
GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT
Keller-kiliani’s test
A
reddish-brown which may turn to blue or purple
20
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- test for 2-deoxysugars
A
KELLER-KILIANI
21
Q
GLYCOSIDES
Keller-kiliani reagent
A
Ferric chloride
22
# **GLYCOSIDES**
* test for **unsaturated steroids** and **triterpenes**
LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD
23
# **GLYCOSIDES**
**Liebermann-Burchard** reagents
dichloromethane
acetic anhydride
conc. H₂SO₄
24
# **GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Libermann-Burchard** test
blue to green, pink, red, purple
25
# **GLYCOSIDES**
* test for **unsaturated lactones**
KEDDE
26
# **GLYCOSIDES**
**Kedde's** reagent
dinitrobenzoic acid
methanol
2M KOH
27
# **GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Kedde's** test
blue-violet
28
# **GLYCOSIDES**
**Kedde's** test **positive standard**
2mL **0.025%** digitoxin in methanol
29
# **GLYCOSIDES**
* test for **sterols**
SALKOWSKI
30
# **GLYCOSIDES**
**Salkowski's** reagent
conc. H₂SO₄
31
# **GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Salkowski's** test
**red** layer in junction
32
# **GLYCOSIDES**
* **largest group** of **naturally occurring quinone pigments**
* occur as **hydroxylated**, **methylated**, or **carboxylated** derivatives of **anthraquinones**, **anthrones**, **anthranal**, or **dianthrone**
* **O-glycosides** or **C-glycosides**, or as their **aglycones**
* **purgative**, **cathartic**, **dye**
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
33
# **ANTHARQUINONE GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Borntrager's** test
**red** color in the **lower ammoniacal layer**
34
# **ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES**
**Borntrager's** reagent
ammonia solution
35
# **ANTHARQUINONE GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Modified Borntrager's** test
**pink** color
36
# **ANTHARQUINONE GLYCOSIDES**
**Modified Borntrager's** reagents
0.5M KOH
5% H₂O₂
glacial acetic acid
benzene
ammonia
37
* **phenolic plant pigments** containing **γ-benzopyrone nucleus**
* include **anthocyanins**, **leucoanthocyanins**, **cathechins**, **aurones**, **chalcones**
* have reported **anti-viral**, **anti-fungal**, **anti- inflammatory** and **cytotoxic** activities
FLAVONOIDS
38
# **FLAVONOIDS**
* test for **leucoanthocyanins**
BATE-SMITH & METCALF METHOD
39
# **FLAVONOIDS**
**Bate-Smith & Metcalf** reagent
conc. HCl
40
# **FLAVONOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Bate-Smith & Metcalf** Method
strong **red** or **violet**
41
# **FLAVONOIDS**
* test for **γ-benzopyrone nucleus**
WILSTATTER "CYANIDIN" TEST
42
# **FLAVONOIDS**
**Wilstatter "Cyanidin"** reagents
conc. HCl
magnesium turnings
octanol
43
# **FLAVONOIDS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Wilstatter "Cyanidin"** test
**orange** to **red**, to **crimson** & **magenta**
**occasionally** to **green** or **blue**
44
* also known as **fish poison**; causes **hemolysis** to **cold blooded animals** (fish)
* **steroidal**/**triterpenoid glycosides** characterized by their **ability to froth when agitated**
* **exert** a **powerful hemolytic action** on **RBCs** and are h**ighly toxic** when **injected into the bloodstream**
* has interesting **spermicidal** & **molluscicidal** activity
SAPONINS
45
# **SAPONINS | TWO TYPES**
**monocot** (Dioscoreaceae)
steroidal
46
# **SAPONINS | TWO TYPES**
**dicot** (Agavaceae)
TRITERPENOID
47
# **OTHER PLANTS WITH SAPONINS**
a **beverage** (**root beer**)
SARSAPARILLA
48
# **OTHER PLANTS WITH SAPONINS**
used as **shampoo**
GUGO
49
# **OTHER PLANTS WITH SAPONINS**
"drug for **longevity**", **adaptogen**, **tonic**
GINSENG
50
# **SAPONINS**
* formation of **persistent honeycomb froth** upon shaking
FROTH TEST
51
# **SAPONINS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Froth** test
honeycomb froth is **greater than 2cm height** after 10mins
52
# **SAPONINS | FROTH TEST**
for **plant extracts** with **poor frothing effects**, add a little ____ to **basify** the extract;
5% Na₂CO₃
53
# **SAPONINS | FROTH TEST**
the **formation** of a **stable** and **dense froth** indicates **presence** of ____
free fatty acids
54
# **SAPONINS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Agar Cup Hemolytic** test
**clear zones** of hemolysis (hemolytic halos)
55
* **first applied** to plant constituents **capable of transforming raw animal skin into leather**
* precipitates **proteins**, **alkaloids** and **glycosides**
* **acidic**, **sharp-puckering taste**
TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS
56
**antidote** for **alkaloid poisoning**
TANNIC ACID
57
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
**other name** for **NON-HYDROLYZABLE**
CONDENSED
58
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
HYDROLYZABLE:
**structure**
related to PYROGALLOL
59
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**structure**
related to CATECHOL
60
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ HCl**
PHENOLIC ACID + SUGARS
61
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ HCl**
PHLOBAPHENES (red dye)
62
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ FeCl₃**
BLUISH BLACK
63
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
HYDROLYZABLE:
**leather type**
BLOOM
64
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ FeCl₃**
BROWNISH GREEN
65
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**leather type**
TANNER'S RED
66
# **USES:**
**tanning industry**, treatment of **burns**, potential value as **cytotoxic** and/or **antineoplastic** agents, **astringent** properties
TANNINS
67
have **similarities** to **tannin structures**; they are used as **additives** in **tanning agents** in the **leather industry**
POLYPHENOLS
68
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
**Gelatin** test reagent
gelatin-salt reagent
69
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Gelatin** test
jelly ppt
70
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS**
**Ferric chloride** test reagent
iron (III) chloride
FeCl₃
71
# **TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Ferric chloride** test
**bluish black** - **hydrolysable** tannins
**brownish green** - **condensed** tannins
72
* produces **cyanide**
* often found in **legumes**, **root crops** and **grasses**
* usually found in plants **together with hydrolytic enzymes**
* most **cyanogenic glycosides** are **lost** after plant **harvest** due to **spontaneous hydrolysis**
CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES
73
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
**usually found in plants** together with ____
hydrolytic enzymes
74
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
**most cyanogenic glycosides** are **lost** after **plant harvest** due to ____
spontaneous hydrolysis
75
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
the **roots** of ____, **causes poisoning** when eaten if **tubers are half-cooked** or **cooked with intact root peelings**
*Manihot esculenta Crantz*
CASSAVA
76
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
**cassava causes poisoning** due to ____ **released by enzymatic hydrolysis** of cyanogenic glycosides
HCN
77
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
are also known to **contain cyanogenic glycosides**; **emulsin** hydrolyses glycosides
*Prunus amydalus*
almonds
78
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
***Prunus amydalus* (almonds)** contains what cyanogenic glycosides
emulsin
79
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
* **dip strips of filter paper** into freshly prepared sodium picrate sol’n
* **drip dry** and then finally dry between sheets of newsprints
PICRATE PAPER
Guignard's test
80
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Guignard's** test
vaious shades of **red**
81
* **polyhydroxy ketones** or **aldehydes**
* **most abundant group** of organic molecules
* provide significant amount of **energy**; **storage form of energy**; **cell component**; **structural component**
* building blocks: **monosaccharides**
CARBOHYDRATES
82
# **CARBOHYDRATES**
test for **reducing sugars** (presence of **aldehydes** but **not ketones**)
FEHLING'S TEST
83
# **CARBOHYDRATES**
**Fehling's** test reagent
Fehling's A - copper II sulfate
Fehling's B - potassium sodium tartrae & a strong alkali
84
# **CARBOHYDRATES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Fehling's** test
brick red ppt
85
# **CARBOHYDRATES**
* test for **pentoses** and **hexoses**
MOLISCH TEST
86
# **CARBOHYDRATES**
**Molisch** test reagent
10% a-naphthol
87
# **CARBOHYDRATES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Molisch** test
BLUISH VIOLET
88
# **CARBOHYDRATES**
test for **reducing sugars** (monosaccharide or disaccharide containing **hemiacetal** or **hemiketal** group)
BENEDICT'S TEST
89
# **CARBOHYDRATES**
**Benedict**'s test reagent
Benedict's solution - copper II sulfate
90
# **CARBOHYDRATES | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Benedict**'s test
BRICK RED PPT
91
* group of **complex organic macromolecules** that contain **carbon**, **hydrogen**, **oxygen**, **nitrogen**, and usually **sulfur** and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids
* building blocks: **amino acids**
PROTEINS
92
# **PROTEINS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Millon's** test
**flesh** ppt
93
# **PROTEINS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Xanthoproteic** test
yellow ppt
94
# **PROTEINS**
**Xanthoproteic** test reagent
nitric acid
95
* **heterogenous** compound
* any of a group of organic compounds, including the **fats**, **oils**, **waxes**, **sterols**, and **triglycerides**, that are **insoluble in water** but **soluble in nonpolar organic solvents**, are **oily to the touch**
LIPIDS
96
# **LIPIDS**
* extract dissolved in **petroleum ether** or **hexane**
* few drops on paper
GREASY SPOT TEST
97
# **LIPIDS | POSITIVE RESULT**
**Grease Spot** test
greasy spot on paper
98
# **LIPIDS**
**solvent** used in **Grease spot** test
petroleum ether
hexane
