EX 12

Question 1

• derived from amino acids
• structure: heterocyclic ring & nitrogen

Answer 1

ALKALOID

Question 2

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

Free alkaloids + acid

Answer 2

alkaloidal salts

Question 3

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

alkaloidal salts + alkali

Answer 3

Free alkaloids

Question 4

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

taste

Answer 4

bitter taste

Question 5

drugs are more soluble in ____ form

Answer 5

salt form

Question 6

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

most alkaloids isolated from plants are in the form of ____, ____, or ____ compounds

Answer 6

crystalline, amorphous, nonvolatile

Question 7

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

occur in LIQUID form

Answer 7

low MW: arecoline & pilocarpine
alkaloids w/o oxygen atom in their structure: sparteine & nicotine

Question 8

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

LOW MW alkaloids

Answer 8

arecoline
pilocarpine

Question 9

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

alkaloids with NO OXYGEN ATOM in their structure

Answer 9

sparteine
nicotine

Question 10

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

they are usually ____

Answer 10

basic

Question 11

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

have a ____

Answer 11

ring structure

Question 12

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

have definite ____

Answer 12

melting points

Question 13

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

alkaloids that are NOT basic

Answer 13

colored alkaloids

Question 14

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

orange-yellow alkaloids

Answer 14

berberine
colchicine

Question 15

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

red

Answer 15

betaine

Question 16

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

brick red

Answer 16

sanguinarine

Question 17

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

orange

Answer 17

canadine

Question 18

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

they are derived from plants as ____ of organic acids, esters, or combined with tannins, or sugars

Answer 18

water soluble salts

Question 19

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

other alkaloids are produced ____

Answer 19

synthetically

Question 20

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

most alkaloids are also ____ (can be distinguished) which means they have non-superimposable mirror images

Answer 20

chiral molecules

Question 21

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

they are derived from plants as water soluble salts of (3)

Answer 21

organic acids
esters
sugars

Question 22

ALKALOIDS | PROPERTIES

the chirality of alkaloids results in ____

Answer 22

isomers

one isomer may have physiological function while the others does not

Question 23

same chemical formula, different structures

Answer 23

isomers

Question 24

ALKALOIDS | CLASSIFICATION

compounds which are derived from amino acid and a heterocycling ring with nitrogen

Answer 24

TRUE alkaloids

Question 25

# **ALKALOIDS | CLASSIFICATION** compounds in which the **N atom** derived from an **amino acid** is **NOT** a part of the **heterocycle**

Answer 25

PROTOALKALOIDS

Question 26

# **ALKALOIDS | CLASSIFICATION** compounds where the **basic carbon skeletons** of which are **NOT** **derived** from **amino acids**

Answer 26

PSEUDOALKALOIDS

Question 27

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** **alkalinize** first then **extract** with **organic solvent**

Answer 27

METHOD A

Question 28

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** METHOD A: **extraction solvents**

Answer 28

ether petroleum spirit

Question 29

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** METHOD A: **alkaline substances**

Answer 29

sodium bicarbonate ammonia calcium hydroxide

Question 30

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** **extraction** first then **alkalinization**

Answer 30

METHOD B

Question 31

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** METHOD B: **extraction solvent**

Answer 31

water aqueous alcohol-containing dilute acid

Question 32

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** METHOD B: **organic solvent** added to **remove pigments** and other **unwanted** materials

Answer 32

chloroform

Question 33

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** the **BEST WAY** for the extraction

Answer 33

steam distillation

Question 34

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** the powder is extracted with **water-soluble organic solvents**

Answer 34

METHOD C

Question 35

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** METHOD C: **water-soluble organic solvents**

Answer 35

methanol ethanol

Question 36

# **ALKALOIDS | EXTRACTION, PURIFICATION, ISOLATION** **good solvents** for both salts and free bases

Answer 36

methanol ethanol | water-soluble organic solvents

Question 37

# **ALKALOIDS** METHODS OF OBTAINING

Answer 37

1. Maceration 2. Percolation 3. Continuous extraction (Soxhlet apparatus)

Question 38

# **ALKALOIDS | EXERCISE PROCEDURE** how long is the **extraction**

Answer 38

72 hours at room temperature

Question 39

# **ALKALOIDS | EXERCISE PROCEDURE** in **Soxhlet apparatus**, the sample should be ____

Answer 39

grind & dried

Question 40

# **ALKALOIDS | EXERCISE PROCEDURE** with the use of **surfactant** solution

Answer 40

surfactant method

Question 41

# **ALKALOIDS | EXERCISE PROCEDURE** **surfactant solution**

Answer 41

sodium dodecylsulfate 0.1% or Emulgen: polyethyleneglycoldodecyl ether

Question 42

# **ALKALOIDS | EXERCISE PROCEDURE** SURFACTANT METHOD: **sonicate** for how many hours in an ultrasonic bath

Answer 42

2.5h of 25C

Question 43

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** WAGNER's Reagent

Answer 43

Iodine in Potassium iodide

Question 44

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** MAYER's reagent

Answer 44

Potassium Mercuric Iodide

Question 45

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** DRAGENDORFF's reagent

Answer 45

Potassium bismuth iodide

Question 46

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** MARMER's reagent

Answer 46

Potassium Cadmium iodide

Question 47

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** SONNENSCHEIN reagent

Answer 47

phosphomolybdic acid

Question 48

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** SCHEIBLER's reagent

Answer 48

phosphotungstic

Question 49

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** THALLEOQUIN reaction (Br2 and NH3 TS)

Answer 49

emerald green

Question 50

# **ALKALOIDS | TEST REAGENTS** used in **quinine** (anti-**malaria**)

Answer 50

thalleoquin reaction

Question 51

# **ALKALOIDS | CHEMICAL TESTS** POSITIVE RESULT: **Dragendorff's**

Answer 51

orangish red

Question 52

# **ALKALOIDS | CHEMICAL TESTS** POSITIVE RESULT: **Mayer's**

Answer 52

creamy white ppt

Question 53

# **ALKALOIDS | CHEMICAL TESTS** POSITIVE RESULT: **Wagner's**

Answer 53

reddish-brown ppt

Question 54

# **ALKALOIDS | CHEMICAL TESTS** POSITIVE RESULT: **Hager's**

Answer 54

crystalline yellow

Question 55

# **ALKALOIDS | CHEMICAL TESTS** POSITIVE RESULT: **Tannic acid**

Answer 55

buff colored ppt

Question 56

# **ALKALOIDS | CHEMICAL TESTS** POSITIVE RESULT: **Ammonia Reineckate**

Answer 56

pink flocculent ppt