EX 11 Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
are complex substances usually occurs as mixtures of polyphenols that are difficult to separate because they do NOT crystallize
A
TANNINS
2
Q
top 3 uses of TANNINS
A
astringent
antiseptic
protein precipitant
3
Q
A
4
Q
TANNINS
reason why they are used in the leather industry
A
protein precipitant
5
Q
first applied to plant constituents capable of transforming raw animal skin into leather
A
TANNINS
6
Q
- main constituent of PLANTS
- antioxidants
A
POLYPHENOLS
7
Q
- are subcategory only of polyphenols
- antiseptic
A
TANNINS
8
Q
- they have arisen from simple polyphenols that have undergone polymerization
- they are NON-crystallizable compounds that with water form colloidal solutions possessing an acid reaction and a sharp puckering taste
A
TANNINS
9
Q
TANNINS
they have arisen froom simple polyphenols that have undergone ____
A
polymerization
10
Q
TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS
they are ____ compounds
A
NON-crystallizable
11
Q
TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS
they form ____ with water
A
colloidal solutions
12
Q
TANNINS & POLYPHENOLS
form colloidal solutions with water possessing an acid reaction and a ____ taste
A
sharp puckering taste
13
Q
- include a wide range of plant substances that possess in common, an aromatic ring bearing two or more hydroxyl groups
- these substances tend to be water-soluble
- because of their similarity to tannins in terms of structure, they are used as additives in tanning agents
A
POLYPHENOLS
14
Q
POLYPHENOLS
include a wide range of plant substances that possess in common, an ____ bearing ____
A
aromatic ring bearing two or more hydroxyl groups
15
Q
POLYPHENOLS
these substances tend to be ____
A
water soluble
16
Q
POLYPHENOLS
because of their similarity to tannins in terms of structure, they are used as ____
A
additives in tanning agents
17
Q
TANNINS
test used to determine if Tannins or Pseudotannins
A
Goldbeater Skin Test
18
Q
TANNINS
TYPES
A
Hydrolyzable
Non-hydrolyzable
19
Q
TANNINS | TYPES
HYDROLYZABLE:
structure
A
related to PYROGALLOL
20
Q
TANNINS | TYPES
HYDROLYZABLE:
+ HCl
A
phenolic acid + sugars
21
Q
TANNINS | TYPES
HYDROLYZABLE:
+ FeCl₃
A
bluish black
22
Q
TANNINS | TYPES
HYDROLYZABLE:
+ Br H₂O
A
do NOT ppt
23
Q
TANNINS | TYPES
HYDROLYZABLE:
leather type
A
bloom
24
Q
TANNINS | TYPES
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
synonym
A
condensed tannins
25
# **TANNINS | TYPES**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**structure**
related to **CATHECOL**
26
# **TANNINS | TYPES**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ HCl**
phlobaphenes (insoluble red dye)
27
# **TANNINS | TYPES**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ FeCl₃**
brownish green
28
# **TANNINS | TYPES**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**+ Br H₂O**
FORMS ppt
29
# **TANNINS | TYPES**
NON-HYDROLYZABLE:
**leather type**
tanner's red
30
TANNINS generally have ____ MW
high
31
# **TANNINS**
CLASSIFICATION
Hydrolysable
Condensed
Pseudotannins
32
# **TANNINS | CLASSIFICATION**
esters that are **easily hydrolysable** yield:
* **phenolic acid** and **sugar**
* **+ FeCl₃**: **bluish black**
HYDROLYSABLE
33
# **TANNINS | CLASSIFICATION**
HYDROLYSABLE:
**yield** (2)
phenolic acid and sugar
34
# **TANNINS**
PHENOLIC ACIDS
Gallic acid / Ellagic acid
Hexahydroxydiphenic
35
# **TANNINS | CLASSIFICATION**
* if treated by **DRY distillation**, will yield **catechol derivatives**
* **catechol**, **phlobatannins** or **proanthocyanidin**
* **+ FeCl₃**: **brownish green**
CONDENSED TANNINS
NON-HYDROLYSABLE
36
# **TANNINS | CLASSIFICATION**
CONDENSED:
if treated with **dry distillation**, will yield ____
catechol derivatives
37
# **TANNINS | CLASSIFICATION**
* **FALSE** tannins
* does **NOT** precipitate proteins thus do **NOT** form leather yet it **reacts** with **Fe salts**
PSEUDOTANNINS
38
# **TANNINS | HYDROLYSIS**
tannins, when **HYDROLYSED**, yield relatively ____
POLYHYDRIC phenols
39
# **TANNINS | HYDROLYSIS**
PRODUCT OF HYDROLYSIS:
**gallic acid**
pyrogallol
40
# **TANNINS | HYDROLYSIS**
PRODUCT OF HYDROLYSIS:
**protocatechuic acid**
catechol
41
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
____ in **water**, **dilute alcohol**, **alkalis**, and **acetone**
soluble
42
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
____ in **organic solvents**
sparingly soluble
43
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
causes **precipitation** of ____, ____
gelatin, alkaloids
44
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
**precipitated** by **salts** of ____, ____, ____ and ____
Cu, Pb, Sn
&
aqueous solution of potassium dichromate
45
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
**precipitates** ____ from solution and can **combine** with it which renders **protein resistamt** to **proteolytic enzymes**
proteins
46
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
their **ability** to **precipitate proteins** makes them an ____ and ____
antiseptic & astringent
47
# **TANNINS | PROPERTIES**
utuilized in the process of **vegetable tannins** thus **converting animal hides** to ____
leather
48
# **TANNINS | USES**
produced by a plant as a ____, as their **binding to protein** may **reduce** the **dietary value** of the plant as a food
feeding deterrent
49
# **TANNINS | USES**
____ in both **GIT** and **skin abrasions**
astringent
50
# **TANNINS | USES**
used in ____ because of their ability to **combine** with **proteins** of **animal hides**
tanning leather
51
# **TANNINS | USES**
used as an **antidote** for ____ because of their ability to **precipitate alkaloids** from solutions of their salt forming an **insoluble tannate**
alkaloidal poisoning
52
# **TANNINS | USES**
used in manufacture of ____ because they form **deeply colored compounds** with **iron salts**
inks/dyes
53
# **TANNINS | USES**
solutions of tannins are used in the **laboratory** as **reagents** for the **detection** of ____, ____, and _____
gelatin
proteins
alkaloids
54
UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE
activated charcoal
tannic acid
magnesium oxide
55
# **TANNINS | EXTRACTION**
solvents
water & alcohol
56
# **TANNINS | EXTRACTION**
soaking
maceration
57
# **TANNINS | EXTRACTION**
soaking with the application of **heat** or with **boiling**
decoction
58
# **TANNINS | EXTRACTION**
how long should the **decoction** be done
5mins
59
# **TANNINS | IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
determine the **color**, **odor**, **appearance**, and **physical state** of the tannin
organoleptic test
60
# **TANNINS | IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
ORGANOLEPTIC TEST:
**color**
brownish
61
# **TANNINS | IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
ORGANOLEPTIC:
**odor**
pungent
62
# **TANNINS | IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
ORGANOLEPTIC:
taste
sharp puckering
63
# **TANNINS | IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
ORGANOLEPTIC:
**state**
amorphous, non-crystalline
64
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
SOLUBILITY:
**soluble** with
alcohol
water
acetone
65
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
SOLUBILITY:
**insoluble** with
ether
66
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
how to make **gelatin**
1% gelatin solution + 10% NaCl
67
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
GELATIN TEST:
with **precipitate**
## Footnote
`
presence of TANNINS
68
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
GELATIN TEST:
**NO** precipitate
**negative**
polyphenolic compound
69
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
Br₂ TEST:
do **NOT** precipitate
hydrolysable
70
# **TANNINS | PHYSICAL TESTS**
Br₂ TEST:
**presence** of ppt
condensed tannins
71
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Goldbeater's Skin Test**
brown / black
72
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Gelatin Test**
jelly-like ppt
73
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Bromine Water Test**
formation of ppt with CONDENSED tannins only
74
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Lime Water Test**
formation of ppt
75
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Iodine Test**
brown solution w/ ppt
76
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Test for Catechin (Matchstick test)**
produces PHLOROGLUCINOL - pink or red
77
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**test for Chlorogenic acid**
green
78
# **TANNINS | TESTS**
POSITIVE RESULT:
**Vanillin-Hydrochloric acid**
PHLOROGLUCINOL: pink/red
79
# **POLYPHENOLS**
FLAVONOIDS
quercitin
catechin
80
# **POLYPHENOLS**
PHENOLIC ACIDS
Caffeic acid
81
# **POLYPHENOLS**
STILBENES
resveratrol
82
# **POLYPHENOLS**
LIGNANS
flaxseed
