EX 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Volatile oils are also called as
A
essential oil
ethereal oil
essence
2
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
they posses characteristic ____
A
ODOR
3
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
they are characterized by ____
A
high refractive indices
4
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
how to solve the problem of high refractive indices
A
use of amber bottle
5
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
most of them are ____
A
optically active
6
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
their density is generally ____ than that of water
A
LOWER
7
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
those that are NOT denser than water
heavier than water
A
Sassafras
Clove
Cinnamon
8
Q
VOLATILE OILS | CHARACTERISTICS
turns ____ under oxidation
A
dark
(resinify)
9
Q
VOLATILE OILS | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
immiscible with ____
A
water
10
Q
VOLATILE OILS | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
____ (solubility) to impart their odor to water
A
sufficiently soluble
11
Q
VOLATILE OILS | OCCURENCE
PLANT PART:
Lamiaceae
Mint
A
Glandular hair
12
Q
VOLATILE OILS | OCCURENCE
PLANT PART:
Piperaceae
Pepper
A
modified parenchymal cells
13
Q
VOLATILE OILS | OCCURENCE
PLANT PART:
Apiaceae
Parsely, Celery, Carrots
A
oil tube called vittae
14
Q
VOLATILE OILS | OCCURENCE
volatile oils are present in the oil tube of Apiaceae family; the oil tube is called
A
vittae
15
Q
VOLATILE OILS | OCCURENCE
PLANT PART:
Pinaceae, Rutaceae
Pine, Citrus
A
lyzigenous / schizogenous passage
16
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN PLANTS:
____, thus preventing the destruction of the flowers and leaves
A
repellant to insects
17
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN PLANTS:
serve as ____, thus aiding in cross-fertilization of the flowers
A
insect attractants
18
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
in plants
A
- insect repellant
- insect attractant
19
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
flavorant
A
lemon oil
20
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
perfume
A
rose oil
21
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
* starting material for the synthesis of other compounds
* has biosynthetic pathway
A
turpentine oil
22
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
Turpentine oil has ____ pathway
A
biosynthetic pathway
23
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
inhalation drugs
A
eucalyptus oil
24
Q
VOLATILE OILS | USE
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
carminative
A
peppermint oil
25
# **VOLATILE OILS | USE**
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
**mouthwash/gargle**
thyme oil
26
# **VOLATILE OILS | USE**
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
**aromatherapy**
lavender, rosemary, bergamot oil
27
# **VOLATILE OILS | USE**
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
anti**septic**
clove
thyme
28
# **VOLATILE OILS | USE**
IN MEDICINE & PHARMACY:
anti**spasmodic**
rosemary
peppermint
orange
29
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
is **capable** of ____
volatilization
30
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
can be **distilled** from ____
their natural sources
31
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
do **NOT** consist of ____
glyceryl esters of fatty acids
32
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
do **NOT** leave a ____ on paper
permanent spot
33
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
**CANNOT** be ____ with **alkalis**
saponified
34
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
do **NOT** become ____ upon **exposure to light & air**
RANCID
35
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
they ____ and ____ upon **exposure** to **light** and **air**
oxidize and resinify
36
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
VOLATILE OILS:
consists of (2)
Eleoptene
Stearoptene
37
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
COMPONENT OF VOLATILE OILS:
* the **LIQUID** portion of the oil composed of hydrocarbons
E**L**EOPTENE
38
# **DIFFERENCE OF VOLATILE OILS FROM FIXED OILS**
COMPONENTS OF VOLATILE OILS:
* the **oxidized hydrocarbon** poriton of the oil which is usually **SOLID**
**S**tearoptene
39
**aromatic compounds** of volatile oils are **derived** from
SHIKIMIC ACID - PHENYLPROPANOID
40
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
Chemical constituents (2)
Terpene derivatives
Aromatic compounds
41
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
* formed via the **ACETATE-MEVALONIC** acid pathway
TERPENE derivatives
42
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
**Terpene** derivatives are formed via what pathway
acetate-mevalonic
43
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:
* formed via the **SHIKIMIC ACID-PHENYLPROPANOID** route
AROMATIC compounds
44
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
**Aromatic compounds** are formed via what pathway
shikimic acid-phenylpropanoid
45
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
has **isoprene** (**C5H8**) unit
terpene derivatives
46
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
**Terpene derivatives**
Menthol (Peppermint oil)
Carvone (Caraway oil)
Thymol (Thyme oil)
47
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
TERPENE DERIVATIVES:
**2** isoprene units
MONOterpene
C10H16
48
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
**isoprene** chemical formula
C5H8
49
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
TERPENE DERIVATIVES:
**3** isoprene units
SESQUIterpene
C15H24
50
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
TERPENE DERIVATIVES:
**4** isoprene units
DIterpene
C20H32
51
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
TERPENE DERIVATIVES:
**6** isoprene units
TRITERpene
C30H48
52
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
volatile oils are generally **mixtures** of ____ and ____ derived from these hydrocarbons
**hydrocarbons** and **oxygenated compounds**
53
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
the **odor** and **taste** of volatile oils is **mainly determined** by these ____, which are to some extent **soluble** in **water** but **more soluble** in **alcohol**
oxygenated constituents
54
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
to some extent, the **oxygenated constituents** are ____ in **WATER**
soluble
55
# **VOLATILE OILS | BIOSYNTHESIS AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION**
the **oxygenated constituents** are ____ in **ALCOHOL**
more soluble
56
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
**usually** obtained by ____ of the plant parts containing the oil
distillation
57
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
the method of **distillation** depends on the ____ of the plant material
condition
58
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
3 types of **distillation** used by industrial firms
1. Water
2. Water and steam
3. Direct steam
59
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
TYPES OF DISTILLATION:
* for **DRIED** plant material
WATER
60
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
TYPES OF DISTILLATION:
* for **FRESH or DRIED** plant material
WATER and STEAM
61
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
TYPES OF DISTILLATION:
* for **FRESH** plant material
DIRECT STEAM
62
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* applied to **DRIED** plant material and **NOT** subject to **injury by boiling**
* example: **Turpentine oil**
WATER DISTILLATION
63
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* for **DRIED or FRESH** substances that **MAY** be **injured by boiling**
* should be **macerated first**
* example:**Cinnamon**, **Clove**
WATER AND STEAM DISTILLATION
64
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* applicable to **FRESH** plant drugs
* **NO** need for maceration
* examples: **Peppermint**, **Spearmint**
DIRECT STEAM DISTILLATION
65
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* **GLYCOSIDIC** volatile oils are obtained through this process
* in **black mustard** seed, the glycoside -- **sinigrin**, is hydrolyzed by **myrosin** with the production of volatile mustard oil
* example: **Mustard oil**
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
66
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS:
**glycoside** portion of **black mustard**
sinigrin
67
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS:
**sinigrin** is hydrolyzed by ____
myrosin
68
WHAT IS THE PRECURSOR OF:
**ally thiocyanate**
sinigrin
69
WHAT IS THE PRECURSOR OF:
**benzaldehyde (bitter almond)**
amygdalin
70
WHAT IS THE PRECURSOR OF:
**methyl salicylate**
gaultherin
71
WHAT IS THE CONSTITUENT OF:
**sinigrin**
allyl thiocyanate
72
WHAT IS THE CONSTITUENT OF:
**amygdalin**
benzaldehyde (bitter almond)
73
WHAT IS THE CONSTITUENT OF:
**gaultherin**
methyl salicylate
74
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* used to obtain **CITRUS oils** that CANNOT be distilled WITHOUT **decomposition**
* uses **pressure**
* example: **Lemon**, **Orange**
EXPRESSION or ECUELLE METHOD
75
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* for volatile oils obtained from **FLOWERS**
* **formerly used** in the production of **perfumes** and **pomades**
ENFLEURAGE
76
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
ENFLEURAGE:
**jasmine flower** is extracted in
beef tallow - extracted with alcohols
77
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
ENFLEURAGE:
**jasmine flower** in **beef tallow** is extracted for how many **days** and how many **times**
72 days, 3 times
"triple extract"
78
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* for **MODERN** essential oil production in the **perfume** industry
* by using **solvent systems** based on such volatile solvents as **petroleum ether** or **benzene**
* the **advantage** of this method over distillation, is that **uniform temperatures** (usually **50C**) can be **maintained** during **most of the process**. as a result, extracted oils have a **MORE NATURAL ODOR** that is **unmatched** by distilled oils
EXTRACTION
79
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
EXTRACTION:
**volatile solvents**
petroleum ether
benzene
80
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
EXTRACTION:
usual **temperature**
50C
81
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
a **LOW-COST** operation compared to the cost of **extraction** process
DISTILLATION
82
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
* this is the means in obtaining **EMPYREUMATIC oils**
* **Wood** or **Resin** from the family of **Pinaceae** or **Cupressaceae** is heated **without access to air**, decomposition takes palce, and the **resultant** mass is **charcoal**. the condensed volatile matter usually **separates into two layers**:
* **Aqueous layer**
* **Tarry liquid**
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
83
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION:
* **wood** or **resin** from the family of **Pinaceae** or **Cupressaceae** is **heated** WITHOUT access to ____
air
84
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION:
* the **resultant mass**
charcoal
85
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION (2 LAYERS):
* **wood naphtha** (methyl alcohol) and **pyroligneous acid** (crude acetic)
AQUEOUS LAYER
86
# **VOLATILE OILS | METHODS OF OBTAINING**
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION (2 LAYERS):
* in the form of **pine tar**, **juniper tar**, or other tars
TARRY LIQUID
87
# **VOLATILE OILS | TYPES OF OIL COLLECTED**
usually rich in **hydrocarbons**, **alcohol**, **ester**, and **ketone**
oils HEAVIER than water (A)
88
# **VOLATILE OILS | TYPES OF OIL COLLECTED**
usually contains **aldehyde**, **phenol**, **phenolic ether**, and **esters**
oils LIGHTER than water (B)
89
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
**unoxygenated** terpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes
hydrocarbon
90
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
classified as **acyclic**, terpentenes, or sesquiterpenes
ALCOHOL
91
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
includes **benzaldehye**, **cinnamic aldehyde**, **vanillin**, and **cuminic aldehyde**
aldehyde
92
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
classified as **monocyclic** terpene, **dicyclic** terpene, or **non-terpene** ketones
ketone
93
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
has **two types**: **natural** and produced as a result of **destructive distillation**
phenol
94
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
**important drugs** under which are **anise**, **fennel**, **myristica**, and **sassafras**
phenolic ether
95
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
includes **chenopodium**, **eucalyptus**, and **cajuput**
oxide
96
# **VOLATILE OILS | COMPONENTS**
consist of **terpineol**, **borneol**, **geraniol**, **allyl isothiocyanate**, in mustard oil and **methyl salicylate** wintergreen oil
ester
97
# **VOLATILE OILS | USP IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
PEPPERMINT OIL:
reagent
**5mL** of **1:300 nitric acid** in **glacial acetic acid**
98
# **VOLATILE OILS | USP IDENTIFICATION TESTS**
triturate with about an equal weight of **camphor**, **chloral hydrate**, or **phenol**
menthol
99
# **VOLATILE OILS**
**apparatus** used
Clevenger apparatus
100
# **VOLATILE OILS**
% yield
wt of volatile oil / wt of plant sample x 100
