EX 7 Flashcards
1
Q
- heterogenous compounds that are more related to their physical properties rather than their chemical properties
- are ESTERS (RCOOR) of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols or closely related derivatives
- vegetable oils and fats may occur in various parts of the plant but as a general rule seeds contain larger quantities of fats and oils
A
LIPIDS
2
Q
LIPIDS
general rule ____ contain LARGER quantities of fats and oils
A
SEEDS
3
Q
USES OF LIPIDS
____ and ____ for PLANTS
A
food & energy storage
4
Q
USES OF LIPIDS
____ and ____ IM injections
A
emollient and vehicle
5
Q
USES OF LIPIDS
vehicle for IM injections
A
Sesame Oil
Corn Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Peanut Oil
SeCoCoPea
6
Q
USES OF LIPIDS
manufacture of ____, ____, and ____
A
soap, paints, and varnishes
7
Q
USES OF LIPIDS
increase ____ in PARENTERAL nutrition
A
caloric value
8
Q
USES OF LIPIDS
____, ____, ____, ____
A
antifungal, dietary supplements, sclerosing agents, cathartic
9
Q
for SCLEROSING agents are for what
A
varicose veins
10
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
____ in WATER
A
INSOLUBLE
11
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
____ with NON-POLAR solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, n-hexane
A
SOLUBLE
12
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
____ to touch
A
greasy
13
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
leaves a ____ on paper
A
permanent greasy spot/stain
14
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
color
A
colorless
15
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
taste and odor
A
bland
16
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
YELLOW color due to ____
A
carotene
17
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
when heated strongly, undergoes DECOMPOSITION forming ____
A
acrid flammable vapors
18
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
when HEATED STRONGLY, undergoes ____ forming acrid flammable vapors
A
decompisition
19
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
when IGNITED, they burn with a ____
A
sooty flame
20
Q
PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS
ACRIDITY is due to ____
A
acrolein (propenal)
21
Q
KINDS OF LIPIDS
esters of long-chain fatty acids and an ALCOHOL
A
SIMPLE LIPIDS
22
Q
KINDS OF LIPIDS
SIMPLE LIPIDS:
* esters of long-chain fatty acids and GLYCEROL
A
FIXED OILS & FATS
23
Q
KINDS OF LIPIDS
SIMPLE LIPIDS:
* esters of long-chain fatty acids and HMW ALCOHOL such as CETYL ALCOHOL
A
WAXES
24
Q
KINDS OF LIPIDS
esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohol in COMBINATION with OTHER COMPOUNDS
A
COMPOUND LIPIDS
25
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
* **Fixed** oils & **Fats**
* **Waxes**
SIMPLE LIPIDS
26
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
* **Phospholipids**
* **Glycolipids**
COMPOUND LIPIDS
27
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
compounds that **simple** and **compound** lipid are **produced** upon **HYDROLYSIS**
DERIVED LIPIDS
28
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
**DERIVED LIPIDS** are compounds that **simple** and **compound** lipid are produced upon ____
HYDROLYSIS
29
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
* **Fatty acids**
* **Alcohol**
* **Sterols**
DERIVED LIPIDS
30
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
* are esters of the **TRIHYDROXY** alcohol, **glycerol**, & **HIGH MW acid** of the continuous chain type
* designated as **TRIGLYCERIDES** or **GLYCERYL ESTERS**
TRUE / NEUTRAL / SIMPLE LIPIDS
31
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
**TRUE** / **NEUTRAL** / **SIMPLE** LIPIDS are designated as ____ or ____
triglycerides or glyceryl esters
32
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
**most ABUNDANT** TRUE / NEUTRAL / SIMPLE LIPIDS
Triacylglycerol
33
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS**
* those with **PHOSPHORIC acid** are called
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
34
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS**
PHOSPHOLIPIDS:
* found in **CELL MEMBRANE**
Glycerophospholipids
35
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS**
PHOSPHOLIPIDS:
* **sphingomyelin sheath nerve fiber**
SPHINGOLIPIDS
36
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS**
those with **CHO** are called
GLYCOLIPIDS
37
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | COMPOUND LIPIDS**
those with **PROTEIN** are called
LIPOPROTEIN
38
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
* product of **HYDROLYSIS** of **simple** and **compound** lipid
* **SAME SOLUBILITY** property as **FATS**
DERIVED LIPIDS
39
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | DERIVED LIPIDS**
**FAT**-soluble vitamins
ADEK
40
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS**
* **fatty acids**
* **sterols**
* **carotenoids**
* **glycerol**
* **sphingosine**
* **steroid** derivatives
DERIVED LIPIDS
41
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | FATS & FIXED OILS**
* mostly **LIQUID** or commonly as **OILS**
* from **PLANTS**
* has **DOUBLE BOND**
**UN**SATURATED FATTY ACID
42
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | FATS & FIXED OILS**
* esters are **SOLID**
* from **ANIMALS**
SATURATED FATTY ACID
43
# **KINDS OF LIPIDS | FATS & FIXED OILS**
**fats** and **oils** found in **nature** are usually ____
BOTH saturated and unsaturated
44
# **BASIC REACTION OF LIPIDS**
are the **2 most COMMON** reaction undergone by lipids
HYDROLYSIS & OXIDATION
45
# **BASIC REACTION OF LIPIDS**
are tests for the **degree** of **UNSATURATED** of simple lipids
HALOGENATION REACTION with **Br₂** & **I₂**
46
# **METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION**
expressions carried out in the **COLD**; products are called **VIRGIN OILS** or **COLD-PRESSED** oils
EXPRESSION IN HYDRAULIC PRESSURE
47
# **METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION**
products of EXPRESSION IN **HYDRAULIC PRESSURE**
Virgin oils
Cold-pressed oils
48
# **METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION**
use of **SAND**; the preferred method of **PURIFICATION**
FILTRATION AND OZONE BLEACHING
49
# **METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION**
LIPIDS COULD BE EXTRACTED BY:
**petroleum ether** or **n-hexane**
MACERATION
50
# **METHODS OF LIPID EXTRACTION**
LIPIDS COULD BE EXTRACTED BY:
**Soxhlet** apparatus
CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION
51
# **TEST RESULTS**
GENERAL TESTS FOR LIPIDS
* Sudan III test
* Acrolein test
* Solubility test
* Emulsification test
52
# **TEST RESULTS**
**SUDAN III** test
RED
53
# **TEST RESULTS**
**ACROLEIN** test
irritating smell of acrolein
54
# **TEST RESULTS**
**SOLUBILITY** test
soluble in ORGANIC solvent
55
* esters of long-chain fatty acids and **GLYCEROL**
* the structure are **glycerol**, a **trihydric alcohol**, and long chains of **fatty acid**
FIXED OILS & FATS
56
# **TEST RESULTS**
**EMULSIFICATION** test
emulsion formed
57
the only **FIXED OIL** that is **SOLOD**
theobroma cacao
58
the only **FATS** that is **LIQUID**
COD liver oil
59
# **FIXED OILS & FATS**
are normally **LIQUID** at room temperature and are isolated from **PLANTS**
FIXED OILS
60
# **FIXED OILS & FATS**
are normally **SOLID** at room temperature and are isolated from **ANIMALS**
FATS
61
# **FIXED OILS & FATS**
the structure of **fixed oils** and **fats** are ____, ____, and ____
glycerol
trihydric alcohol
long chains of fatty acids
62
* a **hydrocarbon** chain with a **carboxyl group** (**COOH**); it **interacts chemically** as an **acid**
FATTY ACID
63
# **FATTY ACID**
it **interacts chemically** as an ____
acid
64
# **FATTY ACID**
when such **acid** combines with a **hydroxyl group** of the **GLYCEROL**, ____ is RELEASED
water
65
# **FATTY ACID**
if only **ONE** acid is attached to the backbone, it is a ____
MONOglyceride
66
# **FATTY ACID**
if **TWO** acids are attached to the backbone, it is a ____
DIACYLglyceride
67
# **FATTY ACID**
if **THREE** acids are attached to the backbone, it is a ____
TRIACYLglyceride
68
# **FATTY ACID**
the **primary ways** in which the fatty acids **DIFFER** from one anther
| (3)
* no. of **carbons**
* **position** of the carbon relative to one another
* number of **double bonds** between carbon atoms
69
# **FATTY ACID | CLASSIFICATION**
with only a **SINGLE** bond
**CnH₂nO₂**
saturated
70
# **FATTY ACID | CLASSIFICATION**
hase **one DOUBLE BOND**
**CnH₂n(2 x # of db)O₂**
MONOUNSATURATED
71
# **FATTY ACID | CLASSIFICATION**
**MORE THAN ONE** double bond
POLYUNSATURATED
72
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
most fats and oils with **age** develop a **bad ODOR** and **TASTE** leading to ____
RANCIDITY
73
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
caused by the **OXIDATION** of **unsaturated** fatty acids at their **double bonds**, with the production of **shorter**-chained acids, **aldehydes**, and **ketones**; this is corrected by the use of anti**OXIDANTS**
OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY
74
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY:
caused by the **oxidation** of ____
UNSATURATED fatty acids
75
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY:
caused by the **oxidation** of **UNSATURATED** fatty acids at their ____
DOUBLE BONDS
76
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY is **corrected** by the use of
ANTIOXIDANTS
77
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
OXIDATIVE RANCIDITY **produces**
shorter-chained acids
aldehydes
ketones
78
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
the **bad odor** and **taste** are due to the **free fatty acids liberated** when the **fat** is **hydrolyzed**
HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY
79
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY:
the **bad odor** and **taste** are due to the ____ **liberated** when the **fat** is **hydrolyzed**
FREE FATTY ACIDS
80
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
HYDROLYTIC RANCIDITY:
the **bad odor** and **taste** are due to the **free fatty acids liberated** when the **fat** is ____
HYDROLYZED
81
# **CLASSIFICATION OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
* **< 100**
* more of **OLEIC** acid
* **coconut** oil, **peanut** oil, **olive** oil
NON-DRYING OILS
82
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
* **100-120**
* more of **OLEIC** acid and **LINOLEIC** acid
* **corn** oil, **cottonseed** oil, **wheat** oil, **sesame** oil, **brazil** oil, **soybean** oil
SEMI-DRYING OILS
83
# **HYDROLYSIS OF FIXED OILS & FATS**
* **> 120**
* more of **LINOLEIC** acid and **LINOLENIC** acid
* **linseed** oil, **sunflower** oil, **poppyseed** oil
DRYING OILS
84
the number of **milligrams of KOH** necessary to **NEUTRALIZE** the **free acids** in 1g of oil, fat, wax, resin, balsam, and other similar substances
ACID VALUE
85
ACID VALUE is also known as
acid number / acidity index
86
# **FORMULA**
**ACID** VALUE
**V** x **N** x **56.11** (MW of KOH) / wt. of **sample**
| answer should always be **4 decimal places**
87
the number of **milligrams of KOH** necessary to **NEUTRALIZE** the **free acids** and **SAPONIFY** the **esters** contained in 1g of oil, fat, wax, resin, balsam, and other similar substances
SAPONIFICATION VALUE
88
# **FORMULA**
**SAPONIFICATION** VALUE
(V**bl**- V**sa**) x **N** x **56.11** / wt. of **sample**
| blank - sample
89
SAPONIFICATION value is also known as
Saponification number
KOETTSDORFER number
90
* number of grams of **IODINE** absorbed under specified conditions by 100g of oil, fat, wax, or other similar substances
* measures the **PROPORTION** of **UNsaturated** fatty acids **present**
IODINE VALUE
91
# **FORMULA**
**IODINE** value
(V**bl** - V**sa**) x **N** x **0.1269** / wt. of **sample** x 100
92
number of **mg of KOH** required to **SAPONIFY** the ester in 1g of substances
ESTER VALUE
93
# **FORMULA**
**ESTER** value
**saponification** value - **acid** value
94
# **FORMULA**
**constant** in **IODINE** value
0.1269
95
# **FORMULA**
**MW** of **KOH**
| constant in **saponification**, **acid** value
56.11
