EX 5 Flashcards
1
Q
- a compound that yields one or more sugar and non-sugar componenet among the products of hydrolysis
- also known as sugar ethers
A
GLYCOSIDES
2
Q
GLYCOSIDES
sugar component
A
glycone
3
Q
GLYCOSIDES
non-sugar component
A
aglycone
4
Q
GLYCOSIDES
are also known as
A
SUGAR ETHERS
5
Q
- for regulatory, protective, sanitary compounds in plants
- various therapeutic uses such as cardiac glycosides, laxatives, local irritants, analgesics
A
GLYCOSIDES
6
Q
GLYCOSIDES
for specific congestive heart failure
A
cardiac glycosides
7
Q
GLYCOSIDES
senna leaves contains
A
senosites
8
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- sugar component
- common denominator
- inactive
A
glycone
9
Q
GLYCOSIDES
- non-sugar component
- basis of classification
- active
A
aglycone (genins)
10
Q
GLYCOSIDES
aglycone is also known as
A
genins
11
Q
GLYCOSIDES | ACCDNG TO THE GLYCONE PRESENT
if it is GLUCOSE
A
glucoside
12
Q
GLYCOSIDES | ACCDNG TO THE GLYCONE PRESENT
if it is FRUCTOSE
A
fructoside
13
Q
GLYCOSIDES | ACCDNG TO THE GLYCONE PRESENT
if it is GALACTOSE
A
galactoside
14
Q
GLYCOSIDES | ACCDNG TO THE GLYCONE PRESENT
if it is GLUCURONIC ACID
A
glucuronide
15
Q
types of glycosidic bonds
A
C
O
N
S
16
Q
- the aglycone portion is an ALCOHOL derivative
- WILLOW BARK (Salix purpurea, S. fragilis)
A
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
17
Q
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
____ hydrolyzes salicin to become saligin
A
EMULSIN
18
Q
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
emulsin hydrolyzes salicin to become ____
A
saliginin
19
Q
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
USE:
Willow bark
Salix purpurea, S. fragilis
A
rheumatoid arthritis
20
Q
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
other name for salicin
A
salicyl alcohol
21
Q
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
Salicin when OXIDIZED will become
A
salicylic acid
22
Q
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
SALICYLIC ACID when undergone ACETYLATION will become
A
aspirin
23
Q
- the aglycone poriton is aldehyde derivative
- VANILLA (Vanilla planifolia, V. tahitensis)
A
ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES
24
Q
ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES
the aglycone portion of VANILLA
A
vanillin
25
* **largest group** of **naturally occuring PIGMENTS**
* used as **dyes**, **cathartics**, and **stimulant laxatives** (habit-forming)
* derivatives are often **orange-red** compounds tat are **soluble** in **hot water** and in **dilute alcohol**
* give a characteristic **red**, **violet**, **green**, or **purple** color with a base
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
26
# **ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES**
derivatives are often ____ compounds that are **soluble** in **HOT water** and in **DILUTE alcohol**
orange-red
27
# **ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES**
dervatives are **SOLUBLE** in ____ and in ____
HOT water
DILUTE alcohol
28
# **ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES**
give a characteristic ____, ____, ____, or ____ color with a base
red
violet
green
purple
29
VANILLA
*Vanilla planifolia, V. tahitensis*
ALDEHYDE GLYCOSIDES
30
WILLOW BARK
*Salix purpurea, S. fragilis*
ALCOHOL GLYCOSIDES
31
# **ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
BONT**RA**GER's test
**red** color in **lower ammoniacal** layer
| R - red A - ammoniacal
32
# **ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
**MODIFIED** BONTRAGER's test
PINK
33
* **Cascara sagrada** (*Rhamnus purshianus*)
* **Frangula** (*Rhamnus frangula*)
* **Aloe** (*Aloe barbadensis, A. ferpx, A. africana, A. spicata*)
* **Rhubarb** (*Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. rhabarbarum*)
* **Indian rhubarb** (*Rheum emodi, R. webbianum*)
* **Senna** (*Cassia acutifolia, C. angustifolia*)
* **Chrysarobin** (*Andira araroba*)
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES
34
USE of ALL **anthraquinone glycosides**
CATHARTIC
35
all **anthraquinone glycosides** are CATHARTIC, except
CHRYSAROBIN
*Andira araroba*
36
USE:
Chrysarobin
*Andira araroba*
keratolytic
37
* the agluycone portion are derivatives of benzo-**δ**-pyrone nucleus
| delta
CHROMONE glycosides
38
* **Hypericum erectum**
* **Japanese eurya** (*Eurya japonica*)
* **Cassia multijuga**
CHROMONE glycosides
39
* the aglycone portion are derivatives of benzo-**α**-pyrone nucleus
| alpha
COUMARIN glycosides
40
* **Tonka bean** (*Dipteryx odorata*)
* **Meadowsweet** (*Filipendula ulmaria*)
* **Sweet clover** (*Melilotus officinalis*)
* **Vanilla grass** (*Anthoxanthum odoratum*)
COUMARIN glycosides
41
* releases cyanides
* yields **hydrocyanic acid** upon hydrolysis
* often found in **legumes**, **root crops**, and **grasses**
* usually in plants together with hydrolytic enzymes
* most are **lost** after **plant harvest** due to **spontaneous hydrolysis**
CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES
42
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
yields ____ upon **hydrolysis**
hydrocyanic acid
43
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
often found in ____, ____, ____
legumes
root crops
grasses
44
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
usually in plants together with ____
hydrolytic enzymes
45
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
most are **LOST** after **plant harvest** due to ____
spontaneous hydrolysis
46
amygdalin
CYANOGENIC glycoside
47
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
* **laetrile**
* vitamin **B17**
* thought to have **anti-tumor** properties
amygdalin
48
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
appearance of **various shades of RED** within **15minutes** when the tube is **warmed**
(yellow to brick red)
GUIGNARD'S TEST
49
# **CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
GUIGNARD's test
various shades of red within 15mins when warmed
| yellow to brick red
50
* **Wild cherry** (*Prunus serotina*)
* **Apricot** (*Prunus armeniaca*)
* **Almond** (*Prunus amygdalus*)
* **Cassava** (*Manihot esculenta*)
**CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES**
51
* **most common**
* phenolic plant pigments containing a benzo-**γ**-pyrone nucleus
* include **anthocyanins**, **leucoanthocyanins**, **catechins**, **aurones**, **chalcones**
* have reported **anti-viral**, **anti-fungal**, **anti-inflammatory**, **cytotoxic** activites
FLAVONOID glycosides
52
# **FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES**
**ANTHOCYANINS** on hydrolysis yield **sugars** and **COLORED** aglycones known as ____
anthocyanidins
53
# **FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES**
**LEUCOANTHOCYANINS** have their aglycone known as ____
leucoanthocyanidin
54
# **FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
BATE-SMITH & METCALF test
strong red or violet
55
# **FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
WILSTATTER "CYANIDIN" test
orange to red, crimson, magenta
occasionally green or blue
56
* **Hesperidin**
* **Naringin**
* **Rutin**
* **Quercitin**
**FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDES**
57
the aglycone portion is an **iridoid**, usually bound to the glyucone portion glucose
IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES
58
* **Asterids** (*Aucuba japonica, Eucommia ulmoides*)
* **Catalpa** (*Catalpa bignonioides, C. speciosa*)
IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES
59
* derived from the hydrolysis of **GLUCOSINOLATES** (**sulphur**-containing compounds found in **cruciferous** plants)
* found their importance because of their **anti-cancer** properties
ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES
60
* **Black mustard** (*Brassica nigra*)
* **White mustard** (*Brassica alba*)
ISOTHIOCYANATE
61
# **ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES**
derived from the hydrolysis of ____ (**sulphur**-containing compounds found in **cruciferous** plants)
GLUCOSINOLATES
62
# **ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES**
**glucosinolates** are ____-containing compounds
sulphur
63
# **ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES**
**glucosinolates** are found in ____ plants
cruciferous
64
the aglycone portion is a **phenol** group
PHENOL GLYCOSIDES
65
Bearberry
(*Arctostaphylos uva-ursi*)
PHENOL glycosides
66
* **cardiac** glycosides
* prominent effect on the **heart muscle**
* **cardenolide**, **bufadienolide**
STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES
67
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES**
also known as
cardiac glycosides
68
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES**
steroidal **nucleus**
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
69
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES**
STEROIDAL SKELETON:
* **more** common
* has **optimum activity**
* C-**23**
* **5** membered lactone ring
CARDENOLIDE
70
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES**
STEROIDAL SKELETON:
* **less** common
* **less** activity
* C-**24**
* **6** membered lactone ring
BUFADIENOLIDE
71
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
test for **2-DEOXYSUGARS**
KELLER-KILLIANI
72
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
KELLER-KILLIANI test
reddish brown to blue or purple
73
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
test for **unsaturated STEROIDS** and **TRITERPENES**
LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD
74
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
LIBERMANN-BURCHARD test
blue to green, red, pink, purple, or violet
75
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
test for **unsaturated LACTONES**
KEDDE's
76
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES | TESTS**
KEDDE's test
blue-violet
77
* **Foxlgove** (*Digitalis purpurea*)
* **Grecian foxglove** (*Digitalis lanata*)
* **Convallaria** (*Convallaria majalis*)
* **Pheasant's eye** (*Adonis vernalis*)
* **Black hellebore** (*Helleborus niger*)
* **Dogbane** (*Apocynum cannabinum*)
* **Adelfa** (*Nerium oleander*)
* **Strophantus** (*Strophantus kombe*)
* **Ouabain** (*Strophantus gratus, Acokanthera ouabaio*)
* **Squill** (*white var of Urginea maritima, U. indica*)
* **Red squill** (*red var. of U. maritima*)
STEROIDAL glycosides
78
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES**
**white** variation of *Urginea maritima*
squill
79
# **STEROIDAL GLYCOSIDES**
**red** variety of *U. maritima*
red squill
80
* found their use as **natural sweeteners**, as subtitute for sugar (**40-300** times **sweeter** than sucrose
STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES
81
# **STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES**
found their use as ____
natural sweeteners
82
**40-300** times **SWEETER** than sucrose
steviol, stevia ??
83
STEVIA
*Stevia rebaudiana*
STEVIOL glycosides
84
* **steroidal/triterpenoid** glycosides characterized by their ability to **froth** when **agitated** - used as **detergent**
* exert a **powerful hemolytic action** on **RBCs** and are **highly toxic when injected** into the **bloodstream** - used as **fish poison**
* **harmless** when taken **orally**
* **2 types**: steroidal, triterpenoidal
SAPONINS
85
# **SAPONINS**
they are characterized by their ability to ____ when **agitated**
FROTH
86
# **SAPONINS**
**froth**: are used as ____
detergent
87
# **SAPONINS**
exert a ____ on **RBCs** and **highly toxic** when **injected** into the **bloodstream**
powerful hemolytic action
88
# **SAPONINS**
* contains ____ which is a **poisonous saponin**
* has interesting **spermicidal** and **mulloscicidal activity**
SAPOTOXIN
89
# .**SAPONINS**
**sapotoxin** has interesting ____ and ____ activity
spermicidal and molluscicidal
90
# **SAPONINS**
2 TYPES:
* **monocot**
* Dioscoreaceae
STEROIDAL
91
# **SAPONINS**
2 TYPES:
* **dicot**
* Agavaceae
triterpenoidal
92
# **SAPONINS**
aglycone portion
sapogenin
93
# **SAPONINS**
**27** carbons
Neutral saponins
Steroids
94
# **SAPONINS**
**30** carbons
Acid saponins
Triterpenoids
95
# **SAPONIN | SYNTHESIS REAGENTS USE**
use to produce **acid saponin** if present are **PRECIPITATED** as **LEAD SALTS**
Neutral Lead acetate
96
# **SAPONIN | SYNTHESIS REAGENTS USE**
**Neutral Lead acetate** is used to produce ____ if present are **precipitated** as **lead salts**
acid saponin
97
# **SAPONIN | SYNTHESIS REAGENTS USE**
use to precipitate **NEUTRAL saponin**
Basic Lead Acetate
98
# **SAPONIN | SYNTHESIS REAGENTS USE**
**Basic Lead acetate** is used to precipitate ____
neutral saponin
99
# **SAPONIN | SYNTHESIS REAGENTS USE**
use to **DECOMPOSE** lead acetate
Hydrogen sulfide
100
# **SAPONIN | PROPERTIES**
**soluble** in ____ and ____
water & alcohol
101
# **SAPONIN | PROPERTIES**
form ____ with **water**
persistent froth
102
# **SAPONIN | PROPERTIES**
cause ____ if reach the **blood**
hemolysis of RBCs
103
# **SAPONIN | PROPERTIES**
shape/form
amorphous
104
# **SAPONIN | PROPERTIES**
taste
bitter, acrid
105
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
**honeycomb** froth greater than 2cm persistent for 10mins
FROTH test
106
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
**clear zones** of hemolysis (hemolytic halos)
Agar cup hemolytic test
107
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
formation of precipitate (**BARIUM HYDROXIDE** reacts with **neutral** saponins)
| neutral saponins have **NO** acid-base groups
BARYTA WATER TEST
108
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
**BARYTA WATER** TEST:
____ reacts with **neutral saponins**
barium hydroxide
109
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
**neutral** saponins have **NO** ____ groups
acid-base groups
110
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
formation of precipitate (**BASIC LEAD ACETATE** reacts with **neutral saponins**)
LEAD ACETATE TEST
111
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
PHYSICAL TEST: **Gugo Extract**
* color
golden yellow to orange
112
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
PHYSICAL TEST: **Gugo Extract**
* odor
odorless
113
# **SAPONIN | TESTS**
PHYSICAL TEST: **Gugo Extract**
* taste
slightly bitter, acrid
114
* **Licorice** (*Glycyrrhiza glabra*)
* **Yam** (*Dioscorea floribuna, D. alata*)
* **Ginseng** (*Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolius*)
* **Gugo** (*Entada phaseoloides*)
SAPONINS
115
#**IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES**
glycoside portion of **CATLPA**
Catalpol
116
#**IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES**
glycoside of **ASTERIDS**
Aucubin
117
glycone portion of **SENNOSIDE**
glucose
118
glycone portion of **FRANGULIN**
rhamnose
119
glycone portion of **DIGITOXIN**
digitoxose
