Exam 1 notes lecture 1

Question 1

how do transmissions of impluses travel along a nerve?

Answer 1

producing an action potential and drugs interfere with this process by blocking the message sent

Question 2

what is a competitive antagonist?

Answer 2

a drug that has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and produces NO effect

by itself, the antagonist has no effect

Question 3

what are the characteristics of the Fast/5/ion channel?

Answer 3

consisits of 5 transmembrane regions configured around an ion channel

these receptors provide a mechanism by which an effect of the body will take many things into consideration

FASTER than g-protein linked

Question 4

this route includes small amounts injected into epidermis of the skin-local anesthetic

tb skin test is also an example

Answer 4

intradermal route (ID)

Question 5

This route is an injection of solutions of drugs into subcutaneous alveolar tissue to fain access to systemic circulation, an example would be insulin

Answer 5

subcutaneous route (SO)

Question 6

This type of drug has one name and written in small letters..

Answer 6

generic name (diazepam)

Question 7

these are the most common bond between atoms and is referred to as induced dipoles (ex, magnet)

Answer 7

van der waals forces

Question 8

what do the lingand gated ion channel receptors do?

Answer 8

combine with a lingand (endogenous substnace or drug) to produce an effect

ex: nicotinic cholinergic receptor- found in skeletal muscle end plate and ganglia of ANS

Question 9

what are the three types of antagonists?

Answer 9

competitive

noncompetitive

physiologic

Question 10

what are antagonists?

Answer 10

counteracts the action of the agonist

Question 11

refers to the time it takes for the drug to begin to have its effect?

Answer 11

onset

Question 12

what are the 2 major molecular superfamilies of receptors?

Answer 12

ion channels and g-protein second messenger

Question 13

What does the DEA do?

Answer 13

department of justice

administers the controlled substance act of 1970

regulates the manufacture and distribution of substances that have potential for abuse including opiods (narcotics), stimulants, and sedatives

Question 14

broadly defined as chemical substances used for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease or for the prevention of pregnancy

Answer 14

drugs

Question 15

what is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 15

acts as a bond for two electronegative atoms (O,N)

hydrogen ion or proton is strongly electropositive

Question 16

what is the median lethal dose?

Answer 16

LD50, the dose when half the subjects die and this is only determined in animals

Question 17

This determines what drugs may be sold by prescription and OTC and regulates the labeling and advertising of prescription drugs..

Answer 17

FDA- Food and Drug Administration

Question 18

this is a 2nd messenger involved in conduction of smell and sight (rods/cones of eye)

Answer 18

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Question 19

what is a non-competitive antagonist?

Answer 19

binds to the receptor site that is different from the binding site for the antagonist and reduces the maximal response of the antagonist

Question 20

the maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug?

Answer 20

effiacy

Question 21

what three ways can drugs be characterized by?

Answer 21

1. Biochemical Action- hypoglycemics or blood sugar, lowering agents
2. Physiologic effects- antihypersensitives
3. Organ systems involved- CNS stimulants

Question 22

what do the voltage- gated ion channel receptors do?

Answer 22

activated by a change in the charge on the membrane or gate

voltage change can open the voltage dependent gate

ex: sodium channel

Question 23

this is the study of drugs

Answer 23

pharmacology

Question 24

what are the characteristics of effiacy?

Answer 24

the effiacy of drug increases as the height of the curve increases

administering more drug will not increase the effiacy of the drug but can increase probability of an adverse reaction

the effiacy and the potency of the drug are unrelated

Question 25

what is a physiologic antagonist?

Answer 25

has an affinity for a different receptor site than the antagonist.

Question 26

what 3 components must all receptors have?

Answer 26

lingand-bonding domain-location where drug binds to receptor linked by lipophilic membrane-spanning segments-opens path into cell membrane transmembrane or intraceullular effector domain-message is received before an effect is produced

Question 27

these are chemicals responsible for transmitting a wide variety of messages across a synapse (space between the nerve and receptor)

Answer 27

neurotransmitter

Question 28

what is it called when the solution turns the light to the left?

Answer 28

levorotatory (l-)

Question 29

How to determine ED50?

Answer 29

drop a vertical line from the dot in the middle of the curve to the X-axis the higher the potency of a durg, the lower the ED50 will be

Question 30

What is the most common reference book in the dental office?

Answer 30

Physicians Desk Reference

Question 31

the closer the curve to the Y axis, the more potent a drug will be.. it takes a smaller amnt of the drug to elicit a desired response

Answer 31

potency

Question 32

This is the dose of a drug required to produce a specific effect in 50 percent of the subjects?

Answer 32

ED50

Question 33

intrathecal route (IT)

Answer 33

injection into spinal subrachnoid space or "spinal tap"

Question 34

what does change in voltage mean?

Answer 34

depolarization

Question 35

what are the disadvantages of parenteral?

Answer 35

asepsis needed, intravascular injection, painful, self med more difficult, dangerous, expen.

Question 36

what is the function of the amount of drug required to produce an effect and can be expressed in terms of the median effective dose (ED50)?

Answer 36

Potency

Question 37

what are the types of chemical bonds?

Answer 37

``` ionic bonds hydrogen bonds van der waals forces covalent bonds stereoisomerism ```

Question 38

what 2 ways can drugs enter the body?

Answer 38

enteral-placed directly into GI tract oral or rectal | parenteral-injections or inhalation

Question 39

this is an electrostatic bond between two ions of opposite charges (NA+/Cl-), the most effective force in attracting a drug molecule to the receptor

Answer 39

ionic bonds

Question 40

What does OMBRA do?

Answer 40

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 mandates that by Jan. 1, 1993, pharmacists must provide counseling and a prospective drug utilization review for medicaid pts. now is interpreted by state boards of pharmacy for ALL pts.

Question 41

what are the 6 most important transmitters

Answer 41

``` acetylcholine norepinepohrine/epinephrine dopamine serotonin gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) histamine ```

Question 42

routes of transmission for drugs?

Answer 42

``` PO- by mouth IH-inhalation IV-intravenous IM-intramuscular SQ-subcutaneous ```

Question 43

what can the pair of stereoisomers be called?

Answer 43

enantiomers or chirals

Question 44

the higher the curve, the most effect a drug will have..

Answer 44

effiacy

Question 45

what are the characteristics of ion channel receptors?

Answer 45

fast signaling receptors when activated, the result is an opening of the ion channel which produces a movement of ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration which then produces an effect

Question 46

this occurs when a drugs structure has an asymmetric carbon atom with 4 different elements connected to the same carbon atom

Answer 46

stereoisomerism

Question 47

This regulates the trade practices of drug companies and prohibits false advertising

Answer 47

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Question 48

the length of the drugs effects?

Answer 48

duration

Question 49

this route is administration of gaseous, microcystalline, liquid or powdered form of drugs.. either local or systemic effects, example inhalers for asthma examples of systems: general anesthetics (halothane), nitrous (N2O) or 02

Answer 49

Inhaltation route (IH)

Question 50

this is the simplest way to introduce a drug into the body?

Answer 50

oral route adv- large absorbing area in small intestines disadv- stomach/intestinal irritation and some drugs inactivated by GI acidity

Question 51

what are the characteristics of slow/7/g protein/2nd messenger?

Answer 51

made up of 7 transmembrane regions that all use a G-protein and a 2nd messenger different neurotransmiters participates in producing the effect

Question 52

what are agonists?

Answer 52

a drug that has affinity for a receptor, combines with that receptor, produces an effect

Question 53

this produces the most rapid drug response with almost immediate onset of action, more predictable than oral, route of choice for emergency?

Answer 53

intravaneous (IV) disadv- phlebitis, drug irretrieveability, allergy

Question 54

who can write prescriptions?

Answer 54

physicans, vets, dentists, optometrists, PA's and FNP's can write some..

Question 55

Why is knowledge of pharmacology important for the dentist professional?

Answer 55

obtain a health history, administer drugs in the office, handle emergencies, planning appts. (diabetics, children, drug users), choosing self medication, discussing drugs and their side effects, life long learning for references..

Question 56

absorption of drug into muscle occurs because of the high blood flow thru skeletal muscles, injections in deltoid or glutes

Answer 56

Intramuscular route (IM)

Question 57

various ways drugs can be administered?

Answer 57

route

Question 58

this linked receptor passes their messages thru the membrane by using a guanine nucelotide-binding regulatory protein (g-protein) and creates a funnel into the membrane

Answer 58

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

Question 59

what is it called when the solution turns light to the right?

Answer 59

dextrorotatory (d-)

Question 60

these are used as suppositories, creams, or vomiting and can be used if nausea or vomiting?

Answer 60

rectal route

Question 61

what is the asymmetric carbon referred to as?

Answer 61

chiral center

Question 62

what are the advantages of enteral/parenteral?

Answer 62

safest, cheapest, convenient fast, rapid onset, predicatble response, can be reversed (useful for emergencies, unconsciousness, nausea, and lack of co op)

Question 63

This type of drug has several names and written in capital letters..

Answer 63

trade name (for ex, Valium)

Question 64

what is the mixture of the two forms of stereoisomerism?

Answer 64

racemic mixture they are separated by polarizing light

Question 65

this is a production of a compound by the combination of two like molecules

Answer 65

dimerization

Question 66

this is the most tenacious type of chemical bond, occurring when the outside electrons are shared among the elements...the force that holds the proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids together

Answer 66

covalent bonds

Question 67

what are the 2 types of ion channel receptors?

Answer 67

lingand-gated ion channel receptors voltage-gated ion channel receptors

Question 68

This regulates governing use of opiates, opium, and cocaine

Answer 68

Harrison Narcotic Act