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Pharmacology > exam 2- lecture 3 > Flashcards

exam 2- lecture 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

when is TB no longer infective?

A

2-3 weeks if pt. compliance

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2
Q

what are the stages of dental infections?

A

stage 1: aerobes
stage 2: mixed infection of aerobes and anarobes
stage 3: anaerobic

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3
Q

what is the most common fungal infection and what is it treated with?

A

candidiasis

nystatin, clortimazole, ketoconazole or flucanazole

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4
Q

these are a large group of endogenous proteins having antiviral, cytotoxic, and immunodulating action

A

Interferons

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5
Q

what are antiretovial agents used in combo called?

A

cocktails

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6
Q

what does ACT drug do?

A

inhibits HIV synthesis and reduces morbidity and mortalitly from AIDS and AIDS related complex (ARC)

toxicity of this is bone marrow suppression

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7
Q

this is the first antifungal effective in treating toenail fungus

A

Itraconazole (Sporanox)

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8
Q

what are the side effects from cephalosporins?

A

low incidence of adverse reactions

GI effects are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

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9
Q

this is known as chlor am kill em all, broad spectrum, acteriostatic antibiotic

A

chloramphenicol

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10
Q

what do systemic fungal disease include?

A

aspergillosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, and mucormycosis

these are treated with amphotecerin b and miconazole

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11
Q

what is nystatin used for?

A

both treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis.. available in aqueous solution 100,000 units/ml

“swish, swirl, and swallow” rinse 5 ml for 2 minutes 4-5 times daily for 10-14 days

also comes in lozenges

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12
Q

why may antibiotics be ineffective?

A 
pt. compliance
wrong antibiotic
poor debridement
resistant organism
concentration of ABC, didnt reach intended site
host defenses inadequate
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13
Q

what is the most common drug to treat aids?

A

AZT

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14
Q

what are some disadvantages of Ketoconazole?

A

in high doses it lowers the serum level of testosterone, in men it can cause gynecomastia and impotence

pregnancy category C, excreted into breast milk

can decrease the effect of oral contraceptive

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15
Q

what should you encourage pts. to do when taking sulfonamides?

A

drink plenty of water

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16
Q

wha tare some tinea infections that affect skin?

A

athletes foot, jock itch and ring worm

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17
Q

what is quinolones indicated for?

A

contraindicated in pregnant women and nursing mother

used for lower resp. tract, skin, bone and joint, and urinary tract infections

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18
Q

with cephalosporin, what designates the width of microbial action?

A

the generation

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19
Q

what does treatment f antituberculosis agents consist of?

A

isonazid (INH), Rifampin and Pyrazinamide

INH+Rifampin every day for 9-12 mths

Pyrazinamide everyday for 2 mths

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20
Q

what type of pts. are fungal infections most likely to occur in?

A

pts. who are immunocompromised

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21
Q

what are the oral chracteristics of acycolovir?

A

most common side effect is headache
treatment of herpes genitals recurrent herpes
usual dose is 200 mg every 4 hrs (5x day for 10 days)
needs to be started as soon as prodromal stage starts

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22
Q

this is effective against candidiasis as well as histoplasmosis and blastomycosis and is used to treat candidiasis

A

Ketoconazole (Nizoral)

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23
Q

how are cephalosporins administered?

A

by mouth, intramuscular or intravaneous

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24
Q

when are hypersensitivity reactions higher?

A

in patients with a history of penicllin allergy

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25
what is the characteristics of generations of cephalosporins?
the further down, the broader the spectrum
26
these are "sulfa drugs" and most common side effect is allergic skin reactions
sulfonamides
27
this is used to treat candidiasis and one tablet is sued to treat a vaginal yeast infection
Fluconazole (Diflucan)
28
to kill the virus, often the hosts cell must be harmed
antiviral agents
29
what is a mucocutaneous infection?
those affecting primarily the skin or mucosa
30
what interferes with the absoorption of quinolones?
antacids/probenicid
31
why is it difficult to treat TB?
pts. with TB often have inadequate defense mechanisms TB develops resistant strains easily pt. dont take them like they should most drugs are not bacteriostatic
32
what does Amantadine do?
helps inhibit the uncoating of Influenza A viruses and also has anti parkinson action
33
how is aminoglycosides administered?
IM or IV used to treat aerobic gram negative infections in hospitalized pts.
34
what are examples of aminoglycosides?
neomycin streptomycin gentamicin tobramycin
35
what is sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (bactrim, septra) used for?
``` most common used treat UTI otitis media in small children treat chronic bronchitis used for prophy of pneumocystis pneumonia ```
36
these are structurally related to penicllins and active against a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative organisms
cephalosporins
37
these cant be classififed as antibiotics bc they are not produced by living organisms.. they are antiinfectives or antimicrobials
sulfonamides
38
what are the generations cephalosporins are divided into?
1st generation-keflex (cephalexin) 2nd generation- Ceclor (Cefaclor); Cefzil (cefprozil) 3rd generation- Vantin (Cefpodoxime proxetil) 4th generation- Lorabid (Loracarbef)
39
this is an OTC cream for topical application to the skin or vaginal canal and indicated for oropharyngeal candidiasis..
Clotrimazole (Mycelex) pregnancy category C
40
this has been shown to reduce both duration and pain of lesions on the lips and face associated with primary adn recurrent herpes simplex
Penciclovir
41
these are obligate intracellular organisms that require cooperation from their host cells
viruses
42
this is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections and is poorly absorbed in the intestines so it must be administered parenterally
Amphotericin B
43
what are the two groups fungal infections can be divided into?
mucoutanous | systemic
44
what is the usual dose of Ketoconazole?
200-400 mg by mouth every day for 2 weeks in shampoo to treat dandruff twice weekly
45
what is vancomycin?
only IV for systemic effect, and is treatment of pseudomembranous colitis
46
why is chloramphenicol not used much?
serious adverse effects such as fatal blood dyscrasias- aplastic anemia and produces bone marroe suppression.. Has no use in dentistry
47
these are the first orally effective agents against pseudomonas species and are well hydrated to prevent crystalluria?
quinolones (cipro, floxin)
48
what is the treatment of choice for stage 3 dental infection?
incision and drainage
49
This is used to treat herpes simplex type 1/2, varicella - zoster, epstein-barr and cytomegalo virus
Acyclovir (Zovariax)
50
these are antibiotics made up of amino sugars in glycosidic linkage
aminoglycosides
51
what are the most common uses for interferons?
``` Hepatitis C Multiple Sclerosis (MS) ``` use parenterally
52
what are topical uses of Acyclovir?
herpes genitals; recurrent HSV1 and 2 produces burning, tingling upon contact does not prevent the transmission of infection, nor does it prevent recurrence
53
what is stage 2 of dental infection treated with?
clindamycin/metrondiazole
54
Interferons are FDA approved are classified as:
Aplha, beta and gamma
55
this is an acute abscess an cellulites are primarily gram positive.. drug of choice for this is PEN VK 500 mg every 6 hrs for 5-7 days
stage 1 of dental infections.. aerobes
56
what are adverse effects of aminoglycosides?
toxic to CN 8, Which can lead to auditory/vestibular distubrances and can loose equilibirum
57
what can quinolones cause?
tendonitis or tendon rupture in the achilles tendon..
58
what are some characterisitcs of prosthetic joint prophylaxis of topical ACS?
most do not need abc prophylaxis | contact pts. orthopedic surgeon to decide if coverage is needed
59
what are some topical antibitoics?
neomycin, polymyxin, and bactitracin | used on scratches
60
what conditions should you most definitely pre med?
pts. with renal dialysis shunts | pts. with ventroculoatrial hydrocephalic shunts
61
what is a systemic fungal infection?
those affecting the whole body

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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