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Pharmacology > exam 3- lecture 2 > Flashcards

exam 3- lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dry socket, caused by loss of clot.. treat palatively.. irrigation, packing, abc or pain meds

A

alveolar osteitis (dry socket)

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2
Q

this is an aterial vasodilator and reduces peripheral resistance

A

hydralazine

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3
Q

what is the main pharmacologic effect of nitrous oxide on the CNS, resulting in analgesia and amnesia?

A

sedation

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4
Q

also called trench mouth, ulceration of the dental papilla, good oral hygiene is the cornerstone of treatment.. chlorhexadine gluconate is used for a rinse

A

acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

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5
Q

what are flaggs categories of anesthesia?

A

induction, maintenance, and recovery

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6
Q

these are a diverse group of CNS depressants including opiods, ultra short acting barbituates, and benzodiazepines

A

IV anesthetics

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7
Q

all preparation and medication is necessary for a patient up to the time the operation begins

A

induction (flaggs category)

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8
Q

what happens if the R/L side of the heart fails?

A

if the left fails, the blood backs up into the pulmonary circ. resulting in pulmonary edema..

if the right side fails, the right ventricle is unable to remove all the blood frm that side of the heart which causes systemic congestion.. the periphal edema with fluid accumulation

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9
Q

this has a fruity odor and is nonflammable/nonexplosive, considered safe for asthmatics, lowers BP and contraindicated with pt. in liver toxicity

A

Halothane (fluthoane)

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10
Q

this is known as gingival hyperplasia

A

gingival enlargement

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11
Q

what is hydrocortisone cream 1%?

A

low potency topical steroid, OTC.

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12
Q

what are inhlation asthetics divided into?

A

gases and volatile liquids

liquids are vaporized and carried to the pt. in the form of gas

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13
Q

these are effective in reducing both exercise-stress induced angina episodes and used to treat angina

A

Beta blocker- B adrengeric blocking agents

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14
Q

this begins with patient at a depth of anesthesia sufficient to allow surgical manipulation and continues until completion

A

maintenance (flaggs category)

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15
Q

this is a variety of disease of the heart and blood vessels, examples include hypertension, angina, cerebrovascular accident, CHF, and is the leading cause of death in the US

A

cardiovascular disease

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16
Q

Halogenated ether, rapid induction and recovery, provides good analgesia and muscle relaxation..reduces BP

A

Enflurane (ethrane)

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17
Q

what are examples of calcium channel blockers?

A

verampil (Calan, Isoptin)
dilitazem (Cardizem)
nifedipine (Procardia, Adalat)

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18
Q

this is a venous dilator and reduces workload of the heart

A

nitrglycerin

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19
Q

these are liquids that evaporate easily at room temp.

A

Volatile liquids

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20
Q

what are drug induced oral side effects?

A

most common is xerostomia

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21
Q

this is a common cardiovascular disease characterized by pain or discomfort in the chest radiating to the left arm and shoulder

A

anginga pectoris

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22
Q

what is hydrocortisone cream 2%?

A

requires a prescription

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23
Q

this stage begins with unconsciousness and is associated with involuntary movement and excitement, can loose control of bodily functions

A

stage II- delirium or excitement

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24
Q

changes in saliva causes decay, usually cerival decay or meticuluous oral hygiene stressed

A

postirridation caries

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25
Q

begins with the termination of the surgical procedure and continues through post op until patient is fully responsive to the environment

A

recovery (flaggs category)

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26
Q

when does angina pectoris occur?

A

when the coronary arteries do not supply a sufficient amount of oxygen to the myocardium for its current work

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27
Q

how is nitrous oxide administered?

A

start with 100% oxygen for 2-3 minutes
add nitrous oxide 5-10% increments gradually until desired response occurs.

at the termination of n20 use, pts. should be placed on oxygen for at least 5 minutes

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28
Q

the heart doesn’t provide adequate cardiac output to provide for the oxygen needs of the body

A

CHF

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29
Q

dry mouth.. can be caused by drugs, disease aging or radiation

A

xerostomia

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30
Q

minor, major, referred to as canker sore.. treat palatively or with topical and systemic cortiocosterioids

A

apthous ulcers

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31
Q

these inhibit the movement of calcium during the contraction of cardiac and vascular smooth muscles

A

CCB

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32
Q

the symptoms include numbness and paresthesia of the hands or legs that progress to more severe neurologic symptoms with continued abuse

A

n20 induced neuropathy

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33
Q

this is used as adjunctive drugs to general anesthesia

A

opiods

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34
Q

what is more potent than hydrocortisone?

A

triamcinolone acetonide (TAC).. .025%, 0.1%, 0.5%

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35
Q

these are usually in combo with 02, and are classified as halogenated hydrocarbons bc they contain fluorine, chlorine and bromine

A

inhalation asthetics

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36
Q

what is the major effect of digoxin?

A

to increase the force and strength of contraction of the myocardium

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37
Q

respiratory depression and loss of protective reflexes are associated with…

A

general anesthesia

38
Q

this is the stage in which most major surgery is performed

A

stage III- surgical anesthesia

39
Q

this should be stored in its original brown glass bottle, should not be refrigeratered bc it can be destroyed by heat and moisture..if unopened good until exp. date.. if opened expires in 3-6 mths

A

nitroglycerin

40
Q

this is the most commonly used systemic steriod

A

prednisone

usual dose is 40-60 mg daily and then tapered

41
Q

this decreases the mortality of CHF patients, the heart is pumping againt less resistance and is getting blood returned to it less

A

hydralazine/nitrate combo

42
Q

this is more potent than TAC?

A

fluocinonide (lidex) 0.05% cream or solution

43
Q

what are some ultra short acting barbituates?

A 
Methohexital sodium (Brevital)
Thiopental sodium (Pentothal)
Thiamylal sodium (Surital)

rapid onset of 30-40 seconds when given iv.. complications include laryngospasms/bronchospasms

44
Q

cracks at corner of the mouth, treat with nystatin or vitamin a/d, vitamin b is a deficiency is associated with this

A

angular chelitis/cheilosis

45
Q

what is used to retrieve expired gas from nitrous oxide?

A

scavenger system

46
Q

this is an electrical device implanted in a pts. chest to regulate the heart.. this does not require ABC prophylaxis

A

cardiac pacemakers

47
Q

what are examples of beta blockersa?

A

propranol (Inderal)
metoprolol (Lopressor)
atenolol (Tenormin)

48
Q

this is a term used to refer to the quick change in the patients state of consciousness from stage I to III

A

induction

49
Q

what are the goals of surgical anesthesia?

A

good patient control
adequate muscle relaxation
pain relief

50
Q

this means abnormal rhythm

A

arythmia or dysryhtmia

51
Q

what are the advantages of nitrous oxide-oxygen use?

A 
rapid onset- less than 5 min.
easily admin.
close control- easy adjust
rapid recovery
acceptability by children
relaxes the dental team
52
Q

what are absolute contraindications for nitrous oxide use?

A

upper resp. obstruction or a stuffy nose

53
Q

how are adverse reactions resulted when using N20?

A

misuse or proper installation

n20 cylinders- blue——– also pin coded to prevent inadvertant
02 cylinder-green—— mixing of cylinders and lines

54
Q

this is the most frequnelty used for nitrate for the management of acute angina

A

nitrogylcerin

55
Q

what are halogenated hydrocarbons?

A

Halothane (fluothane)
Enflurane (ethrane)
Isoflurane(forane)
Desflurane

56
Q

this is defined as BP greater than 140/90 mm Hg

A

hypertension

57
Q

what occurs if the mask is taken off without using the oxygen recovery period and is a decrease in respiration?

A

diffusion hypoxy

58
Q

what can nitrous oxide do to a pregnant woman?

A

cause an abortion or miscarriage.. do not even use with pregnant people in the room

59
Q

caused by candida albicans, fungal infection and treat with antifungal- nystatin or ketoconazole

A

candidiasis

60
Q

integral part of conscious sedation for years, valium and versed, andshort duration of action produces more amnesia

A

benzodiazepines

61
Q

this is a colorless gas with little to no ordor, and least soluble in blood of all inhalation anesthetics.. used alone and when used properly pts. remain conscious with the protective reflex intact

A

nitrous oxide (N2O)

62
Q

this recues the mortality and symptoms of CHF.. losartan is used alone or combined with diruetics

A

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

63
Q

this is characterized by the development of analgesia or reduced sensation to pain, the patient is conscious and can respond to commands, reflexes are present and respiration remains regular.. nitrous oxide maintains patient in this stage

A

Stage I- Analgesia

64
Q

known as fever blisters, primary herpes.. acyclovir is used to treat the condition- 200 mg 5x per day for 10 days.. treat palatively

A

primary herpatic gingivostomatiis

65
Q

hot/cold, treat with tooth paste for sensitive teeth also use of desensitizing agents

A

root sensitivty

66
Q

these are drugs used to prevent arrhthymias, they deoress parts of the heart that are beating abnormally.. difficult to manage because of their narrow therapeautic index.. only used in pt. with arrhythmias that prevent the proper functioning of the heart

A

anti-arryhtmic agents

67
Q

This is most commonly used and considered the prototype for treatment of CHF

A

Digoxin (Lanoxin)

68
Q

most common cardiovascular disease affecting 60 million

A

hypertension

69
Q

this stage is complete cessation of all resipiration and subsequent circulatory failure, pupils are maximally dilated and BP falls rapidly without respiration being maintained manually.. can lead to death

A

stage IV-respiratory or medullary paralysis

70
Q

white lace like pattern..whickams stria, treat with topical or systemic sterioids

A

lichen planus

71
Q

epinephrine should be used cautiously with this or limited to cardiac dose, pt. pulse should be check before each appt.

A

digitalis glycosides

72
Q

this is the most potent group of corticosterioids

A

clobetaso (Temovate) 0.05%

73
Q

what are the adverse reactions of digitalis glycosides?

A

toxicity can develop= anorexia, nausea and vomiting

severe cardiac irregulartieis can develop

pain resembling trigeminal neuralgia in the lower face

increased salivation

erthomycin/tetracycling can increase toxicity

74
Q

what is the admin. of NTG?

A

1 tab at once followed by another in 5 min intervals for 15 minutes if no relief pt should go to ER.. probably MI if no relief after 3 tab.

75
Q

this is a vasodilator, used in TNT, rapid onset and comes in tablet form or spray

A

nitroglycerin

76
Q

requires a special vaporizer, induces cough and laryngospasms and cant be used for induction

A

Desflurane

77
Q

who do you not use N2O on?

A

pregnant people or asthmatics

78
Q

what drugs can cause gingival enlargement?

A

Phenytoin (Dilantin) good vs bad hygiene

cyclosporine (antirejection drug used with transplants)

calcium channel blockers used for hypertension and congestive heart disease

79
Q

this allows the heart to do more work without increasing its oxygen use, increases the heart rate and reduces edema that occurs with CHF.. its use is beginning to be replaced by calcium cahnnel blockers

A

digitalis glycosides

80
Q

inflammation of the tissue around the crown of the tooth, usually 3 molars and treat with debridement and ABC or remove the 3rds

A

periocornotis

81
Q

what are the treatments with xerostomia?

A 
caries prevention with fluoride use
artificial saliva
home care-water sugarless gum
change medications
pilocarpine
sialosis, sialism, or sialorrhea
82
Q

what is the fail safe system?

A

shuts down the n20 if oxygen runs out… the maximum n20 is 70%—always have 30% oxygen in use

83
Q

what are the pharamacologic effect os angina pectorias drug?

A

reduction of work laod of heart by decreasing cardiac output
the peripheral vascular resistance decrease
or both above

84
Q

rapid induction and recovery, undesirable side effect is respiratory acidosis associated with deeper levels of anesthesia

A

Isoflurane (forane)

85
Q

the heart functions as a pump ensuring adequate circulation of blood to meet oxygen needs of the bodys tissues..if the heart is unable to keep up with the bodys needs it becomes “failing: heart and pumping mechanism becomes ineffecient

A

congestive heart failure

86
Q

this is necessary pre med to reduce saliva flow

A

atropine

87
Q

known as glossodyna or glossoprosis, can be caused by vitamin deficiencies (b12, folate or iron)

A

burning tongue syndrome or symptomatic geographic tongue

88
Q

this is related chemically phencyclidine (PCP), produces analgesia without actual loss of consciousness, produces excess salivation, atropine and dissociative anesthesia

A

Ketamine (Ketalar)

89
Q

long term exposure of the lip to the sun, solar chelitis, use sunscreen on lips

A

actinic lip changes

90
Q

what categories are antihypersensitive agents?

A

essential hypertension- 85%-90% all pt. known cause

secondary hypertension- 10% of pt cause can be identitfied with specific disease process

malignant hypertension-5% of pt. Bp is very high or rapidly rising with evidence of retinal or renal dmage

Pharmacology (12 decks)

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