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1
Q

what are the characteristics of transdermal patches?

A

these are designed to provide continuous controlled release of medication through a semipermeable membrane over a given period of time (nitroglycerin- nitrodisc, estrogen-estraderm, nicotine-nicoderm)

composed of several layers with each having a specific function

most common problems with patches are irritation, erythema and edema

2
Q

this is the amount of time that passes for the concentration of a drug to fall to half its blood level at any time

A

half life (t1/2)

3
Q

what are some examples of topical route?

A

skin, oral mucosa, sublingually

corticosteroids, eye drops, creams, etc.

administration of topical sterioids over a large portion of the body can result in symptoms of systemic toxcity-cushings syndrome

transdermal/patches

4
Q

when a drug is given and hives develop within several hours?

A

hypersensitivity reaction to drugs

5
Q

what are the mechanisms of metabolism?

A

active to inactive

inactive to active

active to active

6
Q

undesirable reactions, potentially harmful and occurs at usual therapeutic doses

A

adverse effects

7
Q

this is the application to body surfaces

A

topical route

8
Q

hepatic microsomes

A

reduction

9
Q

what factors affect distribution?

A

size of organ, blood flow to organ, solubility of drug and presence of barriers

10
Q

effect on developing fetus

A

tetratogenic effect

11
Q

this is the passage of drug related to the drugs lipid solubility and degree of ionization… a high lipid soluble, non ionized drug easily penetrates this

A

blood brain barrier

12
Q

this mechanism of metabolism is an inactive parent drug that may be transformed into an active compound-termed prodrug

A

inactive to active

13
Q

a specific type of reaction to a drug for example, rash or itching

A

allergy

14
Q

under the tongue, rapid absorption into the systemic circulation (for ex, nitroglycerin and glucose)

A

sublingual (SL)

15
Q

clinically desireable actions

A

therapeautic effect

16
Q

unchanged drug or metabolite are filtered through glomeruli into the renal tubular fluid, most drugs, most common

A

glomerular filtration

17
Q

drug particles must be spread thruout the stomach or intestine

A

dispersion

18
Q

the initial disruption of a tablet coating or capsule shell is necessary

A

disruption

19
Q

characteristics of synthetic (phase II) metabolism?

A

involves conjugation with; glucronic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or amino acid

transferase- an enzyme mediating the conjugation of a lipid soluble drug

20
Q

Progestins (norplant) implanted under skin to release a drug over a prolonged duration (birth control) - 5 years

A

implants

21
Q

how are adverse drug reactions categorized by?

A

toxic reaction

side effect

idiosyncratic reaction

drug allergy

interfere with natural defense mechanisms

22
Q

what are the characteristics of non synthetic phase I metabolism?

A

lipid molecules are metabolized by oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis

23
Q

passage across this involves simple diffusion in accordance to lipid solubility

A

placenta

24
Q

factors altering a drug effects;

A
pt. compliance
physiologic factors - attitude
tolerance-tachyphylaxis-very rapid development of tolerance
pathologic state
time of admin,
rout of admin.
sex
age/weight
environment
25
Q

an extension of the pharmacologic effect resulting from a drugs effect on the target organs (excess)

A

toxic reaction

26
Q

transports the drug from the blood stream across the renal tubular epithelial cells and into renal tubular fluid

A

active tubular secretion

27
Q

how has the FDA established drugs for pregnancy categories?

A

A,B,C,D,X (A least risky and X-most risky never use)

tetracyclince, NSAIDS, benzodiazepines, and metronidazole

28
Q

this mechanism of metabolism is an active parent drug that may be concerted to a second active compound, which is then converted to an inactive compound. (double dose essentially)

A

active to active

29
Q

this is the passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids and intracellular fluids and occurs when a drug moves to various sites of the body

A

distribution

30
Q

genetically related abnormal drug response

A

idiosyncratic reaction

31
Q

what must be determined before a drug is used?

A

a risk to benefit ration

the beneficial effect must be weighted against its potential for adverse reactions

32
Q

major route by which systemically absorbed drugs enter the GI tract and are eliminated in the feces

A

biliary excretion

33
Q

long acting and slowly removed

A

long half life

a drug is essentially gone when only 3-6% of a drug remains after 4 or 5 half lives

for ex- if a drug has a t1/2 of 1 hour- then 4-5 hrs the drug would mostly be gone out of the body

34
Q

what are the 2 forms drugs are in blood?

A

bound to plasma proteins, and as a free drug

35
Q

whether a fetal malformation can occur

A

teratogenicity

36
Q

elimination by kidneys involve…

A

glomerular filtration

active tubular secretion

passive tubular diffusion

37
Q

what are the two types of metabolism?

A

non-synthetic (phase I)

Synthetic (Phase II)

38
Q

becoming less responsive to a drug over time

A

tolerance

39
Q

what factors influence the movement of a drug?

A

adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)

40
Q

the bodys way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys and the most common site of this is the liver

A

metabolism (biotransformation)

41
Q

this mechanism of metabolism is an inactive compound may be formed from an active parent, and the most common type of reaction

A

active to inactive

42
Q

for drugs to penetrate the CNS, they must pass across what?

A

Blood brain barrier

43
Q

what are the factors influencing the rate of absorption?

A

physiochemical factors, route of admin, drug sollubility

44
Q

the study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body and is changed by the body, and then leaves the body

A

pharmocokinetics

45
Q

addition of 02

A

oxidation

46
Q

drug must be dissolved in GI fluid

A

dissolution

47
Q

this type of hypersensitivity to drugs can cause arthus reactions medicated by IgG, Serum thickness and includes urticarial skin eruptions and arthralgia, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and fever

A

Type III

48
Q

is the movement of a drug from the site of action to non specific sites of action

A

redistribution

49
Q

this type of hypersensitivity to drugs is complement dependent reaction involving IgG or IgM for example penicillin-induced hemolytic anemia

A

Type II

50
Q

tablet or capsule contents must break apart

A

disintegration

51
Q

this is the process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of administration to the circulating blood, requires the passage of biologic membranes

A

absorption

52
Q

certain drugs can reduce the bodys ability to fight infection (adrenocorticosterioid)

A

interference with natural defense mechanisms

53
Q

what are the 4 steps that oral route requires?

A

disruption
disintegration
dispersion
dissolution

54
Q

dose related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome (nausea, or upset stomach)

A

side effect

55
Q

this regulates the amount of drug in the tubular fluid, favors the reabsorption of non ionized, lipid soluble compounds

A

passive tubular diffusion

56
Q

what are the characterisitcs of toxicologic evaluation of drugs?

A

the LD50 is the dose of a drug that kills 50 percent of exp. animals

the ED50 is the dose required to produce a specified intensity of effect in 50 percent of animals

the TI of a drug is the LD50/ED50 ratio

if TI is small- toxciity is more likely
if TI is large, drug will be safer

a TI of 10 or greater is needed to produce a therapeautically useful drug

57
Q

breaking down of esters with the addition of H20

A

hydrolysis

58
Q

immunologic response resulting in a rash or anaphylaxsis, less than 5 percent of all adverse reactions

A

drug allergy

59
Q

short action and quickly removed

A

short half life

60
Q

This type of hypersensitivty to drugs is delayed hypersens., mediated by T lymphocytes, for example contact dermatitis or allergy to latex.

A

Type IV

61
Q

this type of hypersensitivtiy to drugs targets bronchioles resulting in anaphylatic shock..

chracterized by hypotension, bronchospasm, laryngeal, edama and cardiac arrythmias?

A

type I (worst)