exam 1 notes lecture 2

Question 1

what are the characteristics of transdermal patches?

Answer 1

these are designed to provide continuous controlled release of medication through a semipermeable membrane over a given period of time (nitroglycerin- nitrodisc, estrogen-estraderm, nicotine-nicoderm)

composed of several layers with each having a specific function

most common problems with patches are irritation, erythema and edema

Question 2

this is the amount of time that passes for the concentration of a drug to fall to half its blood level at any time

Answer 2

half life (t1/2)

Question 3

what are some examples of topical route?

Answer 3

skin, oral mucosa, sublingually

corticosteroids, eye drops, creams, etc.

administration of topical sterioids over a large portion of the body can result in symptoms of systemic toxcity-cushings syndrome

transdermal/patches

Question 4

when a drug is given and hives develop within several hours?

Answer 4

hypersensitivity reaction to drugs

Question 5

what are the mechanisms of metabolism?

Answer 5

active to inactive

inactive to active

active to active

Question 6

undesirable reactions, potentially harmful and occurs at usual therapeutic doses

Answer 6

adverse effects

Question 7

this is the application to body surfaces

Answer 7

topical route

Question 8

hepatic microsomes

Answer 8

reduction

Question 9

what factors affect distribution?

Answer 9

size of organ, blood flow to organ, solubility of drug and presence of barriers

Question 10

effect on developing fetus

Answer 10

tetratogenic effect

Question 11

this is the passage of drug related to the drugs lipid solubility and degree of ionization… a high lipid soluble, non ionized drug easily penetrates this

Answer 11

blood brain barrier

Question 12

this mechanism of metabolism is an inactive parent drug that may be transformed into an active compound-termed prodrug

Answer 12

inactive to active

Question 13

a specific type of reaction to a drug for example, rash or itching

Answer 13

allergy

Question 14

under the tongue, rapid absorption into the systemic circulation (for ex, nitroglycerin and glucose)

Answer 14

sublingual (SL)

Question 15

clinically desireable actions

Answer 15

therapeautic effect

Question 16

unchanged drug or metabolite are filtered through glomeruli into the renal tubular fluid, most drugs, most common

Answer 16

glomerular filtration

Question 17

drug particles must be spread thruout the stomach or intestine

Answer 17

dispersion

Question 18

the initial disruption of a tablet coating or capsule shell is necessary

Answer 18

disruption

Question 19

characteristics of synthetic (phase II) metabolism?

Answer 19

involves conjugation with; glucronic acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, or amino acid

transferase- an enzyme mediating the conjugation of a lipid soluble drug

Question 20

Progestins (norplant) implanted under skin to release a drug over a prolonged duration (birth control) - 5 years

Answer 20

implants

Question 21

how are adverse drug reactions categorized by?

Answer 21

toxic reaction

side effect

idiosyncratic reaction

drug allergy

interfere with natural defense mechanisms

Question 22

what are the characteristics of non synthetic phase I metabolism?

Answer 22

lipid molecules are metabolized by oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis

Question 23

passage across this involves simple diffusion in accordance to lipid solubility

Answer 23

placenta

Question 24

factors altering a drug effects;

Answer 24

pt. compliance
physiologic factors - attitude
tolerance-tachyphylaxis-very rapid development of tolerance
pathologic state
time of admin,
rout of admin.
sex
age/weight
environment

Question 25

an extension of the pharmacologic effect resulting from a drugs effect on the target organs (excess)

Answer 25

toxic reaction

Question 26

transports the drug from the blood stream across the renal tubular epithelial cells and into renal tubular fluid

Answer 26

active tubular secretion

Question 27

how has the FDA established drugs for pregnancy categories?

Answer 27

A,B,C,D,X (A least risky and X-most risky never use) tetracyclince, NSAIDS, benzodiazepines, and metronidazole

Question 28

this mechanism of metabolism is an active parent drug that may be concerted to a second active compound, which is then converted to an inactive compound. (double dose essentially)

Answer 28

active to active

Question 29

this is the passage of drugs into various body fluid compartments such as plasma, interstitial fluids and intracellular fluids and occurs when a drug moves to various sites of the body

Answer 29

distribution

Question 30

genetically related abnormal drug response

Answer 30

idiosyncratic reaction

Question 31

what must be determined before a drug is used?

Answer 31

a risk to benefit ration the beneficial effect must be weighted against its potential for adverse reactions

Question 32

major route by which systemically absorbed drugs enter the GI tract and are eliminated in the feces

Answer 32

biliary excretion

Question 33

long acting and slowly removed

Answer 33

long half life a drug is essentially gone when only 3-6% of a drug remains after 4 or 5 half lives for ex- if a drug has a t1/2 of 1 hour- then 4-5 hrs the drug would mostly be gone out of the body

Question 34

what are the 2 forms drugs are in blood?

Answer 34

bound to plasma proteins, and as a free drug

Question 35

whether a fetal malformation can occur

Answer 35

teratogenicity

Question 36

elimination by kidneys involve...

Answer 36

glomerular filtration active tubular secretion passive tubular diffusion

Question 37

what are the two types of metabolism?

Answer 37

non-synthetic (phase I) Synthetic (Phase II)

Question 38

becoming less responsive to a drug over time

Answer 38

tolerance

Question 39

what factors influence the movement of a drug?

Answer 39

adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME)

Question 40

the bodys way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys and the most common site of this is the liver

Answer 40

metabolism (biotransformation)

Question 41

this mechanism of metabolism is an inactive compound may be formed from an active parent, and the most common type of reaction

Answer 41

active to inactive

Question 42

for drugs to penetrate the CNS, they must pass across what?

Answer 42

Blood brain barrier

Question 43

what are the factors influencing the rate of absorption?

Answer 43

physiochemical factors, route of admin, drug sollubility

Question 44

the study of how a drug enters the body, circulates within the body and is changed by the body, and then leaves the body

Answer 44

pharmocokinetics

Question 45

addition of 02

Answer 45

oxidation

Question 46

drug must be dissolved in GI fluid

Answer 46

dissolution

Question 47

this type of hypersensitivity to drugs can cause arthus reactions medicated by IgG, Serum thickness and includes urticarial skin eruptions and arthralgia, arthritis, lymphadenopathy and fever

Answer 47

Type III

Question 48

is the movement of a drug from the site of action to non specific sites of action

Answer 48

redistribution

Question 49

this type of hypersensitivity to drugs is complement dependent reaction involving IgG or IgM for example penicillin-induced hemolytic anemia

Answer 49

Type II

Question 50

tablet or capsule contents must break apart

Answer 50

disintegration

Question 51

this is the process by which drug molecules are transferred from the site of administration to the circulating blood, requires the passage of biologic membranes

Answer 51

absorption

Question 52

certain drugs can reduce the bodys ability to fight infection (adrenocorticosterioid)

Answer 52

interference with natural defense mechanisms

Question 53

what are the 4 steps that oral route requires?

Answer 53

disruption disintegration dispersion dissolution

Question 54

dose related reaction that is not part of the desired therapeutic outcome (nausea, or upset stomach)

Answer 54

side effect

Question 55

this regulates the amount of drug in the tubular fluid, favors the reabsorption of non ionized, lipid soluble compounds

Answer 55

passive tubular diffusion

Question 56

what are the characterisitcs of toxicologic evaluation of drugs?

Answer 56

the LD50 is the dose of a drug that kills 50 percent of exp. animals the ED50 is the dose required to produce a specified intensity of effect in 50 percent of animals the TI of a drug is the LD50/ED50 ratio if TI is small- toxciity is more likely if TI is large, drug will be safer a TI of 10 or greater is needed to produce a therapeautically useful drug

Question 57

breaking down of esters with the addition of H20

Answer 57

hydrolysis

Question 58

immunologic response resulting in a rash or anaphylaxsis, less than 5 percent of all adverse reactions

Answer 58

drug allergy

Question 59

short action and quickly removed

Answer 59

short half life

Question 60

This type of hypersensitivty to drugs is delayed hypersens., mediated by T lymphocytes, for example contact dermatitis or allergy to latex.

Answer 60

Type IV

Question 61

this type of hypersensitivtiy to drugs targets bronchioles resulting in anaphylatic shock.. chracterized by hypotension, bronchospasm, laryngeal, edama and cardiac arrythmias?

Answer 61

type I (worst)