exam 4- lecture 2 Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
how do you treat hypoglycemia?
A
if awake: fruit juice, cake icing, glucose gel
unconscious: IV dextrose (50%)
2
Q
what does a deficiency of B1 lead to?
A
beriberi
3
Q
this stimulate acid secretion and is a caution with ulcer patients and can exasberate hypertensions
A
adrenocorticosteroids
4
Q
what is used in the treatment of infertility?
A
FSH/LH
5
Q
What is the RDA of riboflavin?
A
1.3-1.8 mg
6
Q
what is THE RDA for vitamin. K
A
males 40-80 micrograms
females 45-65 micrograms
7
Q
this is effective only for the prophylaxis of asthma, and prevents the antigen induced release of histamine, leukotrienes and other substances from sensitized mast cells, least toxic of all medications of asthma and available OTC for allergic rhinitis
A
cromolyn (Nasalcrom)
8
Q
what medications are available in MDI?
A
beta agonists, corticosteroids, cromolyn and ipratropium and leukotriene or blocking drugs
9
Q
what vitamin is cyanocobalamin?
A
vitamin b 12
10
Q
this vitamin is necessary for normal growth for maintaining the health and integrity of certain epithelial tissues… it represents a group of retinoids and carotenoids
A
vitamin A
11
Q
this can increase serum levels of theophylline
A
erythromycin
12
Q
what is a deficiency of niacin called?
A
pellagra
13
Q
what is the most commonly used corticosteroids used orally?
A
prednisone
14
Q
what is beriberi?
A
deficiency in peripheral neuritis, muscle weakness, paralysis of limbs, enlargement of heart, tachycardia
15
Q
what are the characteristics of osteoporosis?
A
predisposing to fractures, thin, white, female smokers… recommended calcium intake of 1200-1500 for post menopausal
16
Q
what are the sources of thiamine (vitamin B1)?
A
pork, whole grain breads, cereals, pasta, peas and dried brewers yeast
17
Q
this is an example of leukotriene and increases effect of warfarin
A
zafirlukast (Accolate)
18
Q
this vitamin promotes the mineralization of bone by stimulating intestinal absorption of calcium and the deficiency is known as Rickets
A
vitamin D
19
Q
what is recommended with pernicious anemia?
A
maintenance injection of b12 is recommended once a month for life
20
Q
what are the uses of adrenocorticosteroids in dentistry?
A
used topically or systemically for the treatment of oral lesions associated with inflammatory diseases
21
Q
what are the two major grounds of adrenocorticosteroids?
A
glucocorticoids (affect intermediate carbohydrate metabolism)
mineralcorticoids(affects the water and electrolyte composition of the body)
22
Q
what sources can you get pyrodixine from?
A
whole grain cereals, meat, peas and eggs
23
Q
how is vitamin C destroyed?
A
by cooking
24
Q
this loosens secretions in pulmonary diseases and used orally as an antidote for acetaminophen toxicity
A
acetylcystine (mucomyst)
25
what are some types of antimetics?
promethazine (phenergran) and prochloraperazine (Compazine)
26
why do you use corticosteroids?
rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, lupus, acute bronchial asthma, and severe and cather allergic reactions
27
these are for acute gastridis and most common type for heart bern or upset stomach
antacids
28
what are the two forms of hyperthyroidism?
graves disease: diffuse toxic goiter, enlarged and highly vascular
plummers disease- toxic nodular goiter, nodules within the gland
29
what is the deficiency's of the pituitary gland known as?
hypopituitarisim
produces decreased metabolism, dwarfism, diabetes, hypothyroidism, addisons disease, decreased sex drive, retarded dental development
30
what is B12 important for the metabolism of?
fats and carbohydrates
31
Excessive intake of vitamin A results in a toxic condition called?
hypervitaminosis
32
what can occur when taking niacin?
flushing.. take 1 Aspirin 1/2 hour before niacin is infested
33
what is niacin connected in the body to?
niacinamide or nicotinamide
34
what type of patients may exhibit vitamin D deficiency?
pt taking dilantin
35
what should be avoided in thyrotoxic patients
the use of epinephrine
36
what are good sources of cyanocobalamin?
liver, wheat, milk, cheese and eggs
37
this supplement is recommend via IM route and has burning tongue syndrome
vitamin B12
38
This is recommened 50-125 mg day, has a deficiency known as goiter, marine life is the only common food naturally rich in this and use of iodized salt has lead to decrease in goiter..
iodine
39
this is the drug of choice for COPD
ipratropium (atrovent)
40
this is the most popular expectorant
guaifenesin (robitussin)
41
what is the RDA of niacin?
15-20 mg
42
these are essential in small quantities for the maintenance of cell structure and metabolism and a group of low molecular weight compounds
vitamins
43
severe deficiency of alcoholism with B1?
wernickes encephalopathy/korsakoffs psychosis
44
what does vitamin C enhance the absorption of?
Iron (Fe)
45
this is essential for the maintenence of the photoreceptors mechanism of the retina and prevents or reverses the transformation of premalignant cells to malignant cells
vitamin A
46
what is the RDA of thiamin?
adult: 1.5 mg (males)
| 1. 1 mg (females)
47
what is used to treat chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
theopylline
48
agent secreted by the pituitary that causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
49
what is the deficiency of vitamin C?
scurvy
50
what is an old remdie for allergies
atropine
51
this is an autoimmune disease that prevents the production of intrinsic factor (blood clotting)
pernicious anemia
52
what are main characteristics of hypothyroidism
mental and physical retardation
53
what is the RDA for vitamin C?
60 mg
54
these are used to control nausea
antiemtics
55
this is used to relieve gas
simethicone (mylicon, gas-x)
56
this is administered by SQ injection and human regular or neutral protein hagedorn
insulin
57
this is known as nicotonic acid or vitamin B3
niacin
58
what was the first proton pump inhibitor?
omeprazole (Prilosec)
59
what is the RDA of calcium!
800-1500 micrograms
60
this is to treat severe recalcitrant psoriasis, pregnancy category X and lifetime ban for bein a blood donor
Etertinate (tegison)
61
this is reversible airway obstruction with inflammation
asthma
62
these are pathway inhibitors that produce bronchoconstriction
leukotriene (LT's)
63
what provide the greatest source of vitamin a in most diets
carotenes
found in apricots, peaches, tomatoes, carrots, pumpkins, broccoli, spinach and sweet taters
64
this is also secreted by the thyroid gland and regulates calcium metabolism
calcitonin
65
what can pellagra be diagnosed by?
dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia
burning sensation throughout the mouth and the tongue is beefy red
66
what are the oral manifestations of Thiamine?
burning tongue
67
this is a group of agent secreted by the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticosteroids
68
this is manifested by abnormal carbohydrate metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia and has two tpyes
diabetes mellitus
type 1 insulin depend.
type 2 non insulin depend.
69
this is usually in patients younger than 30 yrs, results from autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, complete lack of insulin secretion, treat with insulin injections
type 1 insulin dependent
70
this is used orally for severe cystic acne and pregnancy category X
Isotretinoin (Accutane)
71
this has a cyanide molecule attached to the cobalt atom and the only sources of this is in nature are certain micro organisms that synthesize the vitamin
cyanocobalamin vitamin b12
72
this occurs when the equilibrium between reapportion of formation of bone becomes negative
osteoporosis
73
what are the functions of vitamin C?
collagen formation
synthesis of epinephrine / norepinephrine
74
what test is done for diabetes?
lab test of serum glucose.. measure of patients glucose control at the time that the blood is sampled
75
this is a protyotype histamine2 blocking agent
cimetidine (Tagamet)
76
this is decreased of bone density or pathologic factors
osteomalacia
77
what are the best sources of B2?
dairy products, organ meat (liver)
78
this is used for the treatment of transient diabetes insipidus
vasopressin
79
this is a result of chronic inflammation of the air ways and excessive sputum and production
chronic bronchitis
80
what can hypersecretion of the pituitary gland produce?
```
sexual precocity
goiter
cushings disease
acromegaly
gigantism
```
81
affects carbohydrate metabolism
glucocorticoids
82
what is the most common cause of thiamine deficiency?
alcoholism
83
disease caused by an excess of adrenocorticosteroids characterized by moon facies, buffalo hump and weight gain
cushing's syndrome
84
this type of thyroid disease as heat intolerance, exopthalmus, excess levels of circulating thyroid hormone produce throtoxicosis
hyperthyroidism
85
this is the most prevalent GI disease in the US, called heart burn, and this is when stomach contents flow backward thru the cardiac sphincter, up into esophagus and can be nterprted as heart attacks
GERD- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
86
what are the symptoms of deficiency of riboflavin?
sore throats and angular cheilitis
most likely seen in alcoholics or patients with severe GI disease
87
this makes strong bones, 5th most prevalent element in the body... it is present in bones, teeth, and extracellular fluids.. dairy products are the best source
calcium
88
this is when patients have persistent life threatening bronchospasm despite drug therapy
status asthmaticus
89
what is the most commonly used hormone for supplement therapy ofr hypothyroidism?
levothyroxine/synthroid
90
what is the RDA of Iron?
males 10 mg daily
females 15 mg
91
these occur in stomach or small intestines, most related to helicobacter pylor and some develop as chronic result of NSAID use
ulcers
92
what does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?
growth hormone (somatotropin), lutenizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
93
what are the treatments of hyperthyroidism?
radioactive iodine
thyroidectomy
treat with synthoid after
94
what is the seducing of pantothenjc acid?
rare but can develop in people with liver disease or alcoholism
95
this is a potent inhibitor of gastic secretion.. nexium
proton pump inhibitor
96
these produce bronchodilation by stimulation of beta receptors in the lungs
sympathomimetic agents (adrenergic agonists)
97
increases the breakdown of glycogen to glucose elevating blood glucose
glucagon
98
most extensive use of corticosteroids in medicine and dentistry is in the treatment of a wide variety of inflammatory/allergic conditions
corticosteroids
99
affects the body's sodium and water balance (fluid levels)
mineralcorticoids
100
these are used for motion sickness
dimenhydrinate (Dramamine)/ meclizine (bonine)
101
these are palliative rather than curative and decrease resistance to infection
corticosteroids
102
these block and inhibits basal and nocturnal gastic acid secretion
histaime2- blocking agents
| axid, peptid and zantac are otc
103
what is required for the formation of collagen and helps in wound healing?
vitamin C
104
what increases the acid production and reduces effects of h2 blockers?
smoking
105
this is a major glucocorticoid present in the body
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
106
this is the most critical time for a developing fetus and administering drugs may cause severe birth defects
first trimester
107
components released from adrenal cortex, which includes glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids
adrenocorticosteroids/corticosteroids/steroids
108
what is folic acid destroyed by?
heating in neutral or alkaline solution
109
what does a deficiency of vitamin A lead to?
night blindness (nyctalopia) impaired vision in dim light
110
what is the RDA of cyanocobalamin?
2 micrograms with an additional .2 micrograms and .6 micrograms during pregnancy and lactation
111
what is the RDA of vitamin E?
10-30 mg
112
what are the sources of niacin?
lean meats, fish, liver, poultry, peas and whole grains
113
what are some available corticosterioids as sprays for nasal stuffiness?
beclomethasone (vancenase) reduces inflammation within nasal cavities
114
what are disadvantges of MDI?
difficult to use and can be abused
115
what are corticosterioids used for?
to treat asthma, usually added to the treatment regimen when asthmatic patients uses more than 3 inhalations of albuterol per week
116
what is vitamin B6 inhibited by?
isoniazid
117
what is the dose of vitamin E for protective cardiovascular effect?
400 IU
118
what is vitamin K essential for?
four clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
antagonized by anti-coagulant drugs (warfarin)
119
what are the two groups of vitamins?
water soluble: B and C
fat: A D E K
120
what do common corticosteroid inhalers contain?
beclomethose, triamcinolone, and fluticasone
121
how much of the iron in the body is essential iron? and what are the sources)
80%
organ meats, brewers yeast, egg yolks, oysters, red meats and dried beans
122
what are sustain beta agonists?
salmeterol (servent)
onset is delayed and duration is 12 hrs.
not used in management of acute asthma.. onset is 10-20 min
123
what are some topical corticosteroids?
hydrocortisone (weakest)
triamcinolone (in between)
augmented betamethasone (most potent)
124
this is the most common deficiency in the world, and what can it produce?
folic acid
megablastic anemia
125
what are hormones secreted by?
endocrine glands..
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, gonads
126
this consists of theophylline (theo-dur), caffeine and theobromine
methylxanthines
127
what are the natural sources of vitamin C?
citrus fruits, green peppers, tomatoes, strawberries, broccoli, raw cabbage, baked potatoes and papaya
128
this functions as an antioxidant and a deficiency can lead to anemia, found in veggie oils, greens and veggies
vitamin E
129
what does the pituitary gland secrete?
vasopression (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin
130
this is an anticholinergic that has low lipid solubility that makes it bronchoselective, minimized side effect
ipratropium (atrovent)
131
pituitary gland secrets peptide hormones that regulate what?
thyroid, adrenal, and sex glands
kidney and uterus
growth
132
what is asthma precipitated by?
allergens, exercise, stress, and upper resp. infectiond
133
this is irreversible airway obstruction associated with chronic bronchitis or emphysema.. smoking is almost always associated with this
COPD- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
134
this is a non selective (non specific) beta- adrenergic agonist
epinephrine and isoproterenol... bronchodilation by stimulating beta2 receptors
135
what are some examples of nasal decongestants
phenylpropanolamine (Entex LA, tavist-D)
pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, Sucrets, Actifed)
phenylephrine (neo-synepehrine, sinex, allerest)
136
what are the perfered anatacid ingredients?
calcium carbonate, aluminum and magnesium salts, and magnesium aluminum hydroxide gels
rolaids, tums, gaviscon, Mylanta and maalox
137
used to induce labor, control postpartum hemorrhage, and induce post partum lactation
oxytocin
138
what are the characteristics of rickets?
usually have bones that are soft and easy bent, compressed or fractures..
curving of spine and bowling of legs
collapse of ribs and protrusion of the sternum (pigeon breast syndrome)
139
what are the advantages of MDI (metered dose inhalers)
delivers medication directly into the bronchioles
bronchodilator effect is greater than comparable oral dose
inhaled dose can be accurately measured
onset of action is rapid
MDI's are compact, portable and sterile
140
how is vitamin B1 destroyed?
by heat greater than 100 degrees celsius
141
what are thyroid hormones synthesized by and what stimulates their release
iodine and tyrosine
TSH
142
what does the thyroid gland secrete?
2 idodine containing thyroid hormones:
thiiodthyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (t4-thyroxine)
143
lowers blood glucose, but also used alone, does not produce hypoglycemia..dose is 500-250 mg divided into 2-3 daily doses
glucophage
144
what are some selective or specific beta 2 agonists?
albuterol (inhalation or orally)
1st line of treatment for asthma
drug of choice for emergency treatment of acute asthma attack
145
these are drugs promoting the removal of exudates or mucus from the respiratory passages
expectorants
146
what vitamin is pyridoxine?
vitamin B6
147
what is niacin useful in the treatment of?
hyperlipidemia
148
these partially neutralizie hydrochloric acid in the stomach.. sodium bicarbonate rapidly neutralizes acid in stomach
antacids
149
what are the three drugs for management of osteoporosis?
fosamax, etridonate(didronel) and calcitonin (miacalcin)
150
this type of vitamin D is produced in the skin of mammals by sunlight
D3
151
hypofunction of the thyroid in children
cretinism
152
this is the form of vitamin D used in vitamin supplements
D2 (ergocalciferol)
153
disease produced by a deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids
addison's disease
154
this is the DM in cough medicines, and opioid like compound suppressive the cough reflex by its direct affect on the cough center
dextroethorphan
155
what is the new crieteria for diagnosis of diabetes?
two consecutive fasting blood surgars greater than 126 mg/dL
involves 3 Ds
156
what are the causes of folic acid deficiency?
inadequate diet, pregnancy, chronic alcoholism
allergic reactions are rare
157
what is the name for vitamin C?
ascorbic acid
158
this is required for gluconeougensis and synthesis of fatty acids and sterols and steroid hormones and is essential for normal epithelial function
pantothenjc acid
159
what are signs of asthma?
wheezing, shortness of breath
160
what is the adult deficiency of vitamin D?
osteomalacia
161
this is in pt. older than 40, pancreas secretes enough insulin to prevent ketoacidosis but not enough to normalize plasma glucose, has slower onset, less severe symptoms, treat with diet and exercise, then oral agents, then oral agents, and then insulin
type 2 non insulin dependent
162
what can result from chronic use of corticosteroid?
candiasis
163
what is the basic function of iron?
alllw movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide from one tissue to another
164
this is H20 soluble and maintains the integrity of the erythrocytes and destroyed by UV radiation
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
165
these may be opiods or related agents used for symptomatic relief of non productive cough
antitussives
166
what is the RDA of vitamin D?
10 mg or 400 IU
| child 5-10 mg (200-400 IU)
167
where can you find panthotenic acid and what is the RDA?
egg yolk, bran, yeast and beef liver
5-10 mg
168
this is principally formed as hemoglobin and a deficiency results in anemia
iron (Fe)
169
what is the RDA of pyridoxine?
1.5-2 mg day
170
this can be used parenterally to elevate serum calcium in an emergency.. also used during CPR, treatment of hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia
calcium
171
this occurs in green vegetables such as alfalfa, cabbage, spinach, egg yolks, liver
vitamin K
172
these are found in vitamin A and A2 and found in orange colored fruits and veggies
retinoids
173
what is the RDA of folic acid?
180-200 micrograms
174
this is an acid form of vitamin A and is used topically to treat acne
Tretinoin(Retin. A)
175
this is characterized by alveolar destruction with airspace enlargement and airway collapse
empysema
176
what are the two primary pancreatic hormones secreted by the islets of langherhans in the pancreas?
insulin (fuel shortage) + glucagon (fuel mobilization)
177
these are beta adrenergic agonistst constricting the blood vessels of nasal mucosa
nasal decongestants
178
these detory or dissolve mucus
mycolytics
179
hypofunction of thyroid in adults
myxedema
180
what is the RDA of vitamin A?
800-1000 refined equivalent micrograms
181
how can gerd be treated?
1. decrease acid in stomach..
2. constrict the cardiac sphincter
antacids are used for symptom relief
182
what sources are Folic Acid?
liver, fruits, and vegetables, wheat germ and yeasts
183
what can happen with an excess intake of vitamin C?
precipitation of oxalate stones in the urinary tract (kidney stones)
184
this is a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain known as the master gland and regulates effect on other endocrine glands and organs of the body
pituitary gland
185
what pregnancy category is vitamin A?
pregnancy category x
186
what ways do vitamins act?
as coenzyme: water soluble vitamins
as antioxidants: vitamins C and E
as hormones: Vitamin A and D
187
what are complications of diabetes?
```
succeptible to dental caries
xerostomia
periodontal disease
delayed wound healing
can cause blindness
gangrene of feet and legs
```
188
this is found in seafood and meat, 15 mg RDA and is required to transport carbon dioxide in blood and eliminate in the lungs and can affect reproduction and can stunt growth
Zinc
