exam 2 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
what are stimulants
A
substances that increase activity of sympathetic nervous system
2
Q
most common stimulants (6)
A
cocaine, crack, amphetamine, methamphetamine, caffeine, nicotine
3
Q
cocaine prevalence in U.S.
A
one of world’s largest consumers of cocaine
black people are less likely than white to use powder and equally likely to use crack
4
Q
coca leaves
A
cocaine, oral administration
5
Q
powder cocaine
A
snorted, crosses BBB more easily
6
Q
cocaine source
A
shrub native to Andes mountains
7
Q
crack cocaine
A
smoked for quick and intense high
8
Q
cocaine route of administration affects ____
A
amount of cocaine absorbed into bloodstream
9
Q
cocaine speed of entry into brain (fastest to slowest route of administration)
A
smoked, injected, snorted, orally
10
Q
cocaine metabolism system
A
cytochrome P450 system
11
Q
cocaine mechanism of action
A
blocks pain pathways
blocks reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin (these increase)
12
Q
schedule of cocaine
A
II, approved for local anesthetic
13
Q
adverse effects of cocaine
A
irritability, hostility, fear, restlessness, paranoia, heart attack
14
Q
acute effects of cocaine
A
euphoria and increased energy
increased confidence
sweating/chills
increased heart rate
decreased appetite and need for sleep
15
Q
chronic use of cocaine
A
tolerance or reverse tolerance, short-lived withdrawal, irritability
16
Q
cocaine dependence
A
weak physical dependence but strong psychological dependence, no FDA approved treatments
17
Q
amphetamine
A
more popular than cocaine, more potent effects, stimulates CNS by increasing same neurotransmitters
18
Q
brand names of amphetamine
A
adderall, ritalin, concerta
19
Q
methamphetamine
A
more lipid soluble form of amphetamine, enters brain faster, more addictive
20
Q
amphetamine route of administration
A
oral, injection, intranasal, smoked
21
Q
amphetamine effect duration
A
12 hours
22
Q
methamphetamine effect duration
A
8 hours
23
Q
amphetamine mechanism of action
A
increased postsynaptic levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin to larger degree than cocaine
24
Q
small doses effects of amphetamine
A
increase energy and alertness, reduced appetite
25
high doses effects of amphetamine
rush, intoxication, psychosis
26
meth specific effects
disinhibition, hypersexuality (but can decrease function)
27
difference between effects of cocaine and amphetamine
amphetamine has slower onset and longer duration but closely resemble one another
28
chronic use of stimulants
loss of neural tissue in prefrontal cortex
29
other stimulants
cathinone (khat) and bath salts
30
brain structures involved in effects of cocaine
increased dopamine in basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, nucleus acumbens
31
how have drugs laws for cocaine and crack contributed to racial disparities?
disproportionate incarceration rates and higher penalties for crack possession which was more common among blacks than powder cocaine
32
hallucinogen
drugs that distort perceptions of reality at relatively low doses
33
hallucinogen schedule
I
but most are physiologically safe and non-addictive
34
hallucination
experience involving perception of something that may not actually be there
35
illusion
altered and distorted perceptions, thoughts, feelings, awareness, insights
36
hallucinogen plants
peyote, salvia, atropa belladonna
37
fungi hallucinogen
psilocybin and amanita mushrooms
38
synthetic hallucinogen
LSD, MDMA, PCP, ketamine
39
psychedelics
alter perceptions while still allowing person to communicate with the present world
40
indoleamines
similar to serotonin
LSD, psilocybin, DMT, morning glory
41
phenylethylamines
similar to dopamine and norepinephrine
peyote, MDMA
42
deliriants
block acetylcholine
atropa belladonna, henbane, mandrake
43
dissociatives
cause amnesia, sense of detachment from environment
salvia, PCP, ketamine, amanita mushrooms
44
most psychoactive hallucinogen
LSD, 25 micrograms
45
orally administered hallucinogens
psilocybin, LSD, MDMA
46
route of administration of PCP and ketamine
ingested, snorted, smoked, injected
47
DMT duration
30 mins
48
ketamine duration
1 hour
49
peyote duration
5 hours
50
PCP and psilocybin duration
6 hours
51
MDMA duration
7 hours
52
LSD duration
11 hours
53
psychedelic hallucinogens affect ___
serotonin, brain areas related to sensory processing, emotions, and higher executive processing
54
MDMA effects
increased serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin
55
deliriants effects
prevent binding of acetylcholine
56
acute effects of hallucinogens
hallucinations, altered perceptions of time and reality, euphoria, increased heart rate
57
3 stages of LSD and psilocybin
sympathetic nervous system is activated -- alterations in perceptions and sensations -- self-perception change leading to distortions of reality and emotions
58
MDMA acute effects
sense of empathy and closeness to others, inner peace
more prone to toxic effects on heart, serotonin syndrome, hyperthermia
59
deliriants acute effects
hallucinations over illusions
affects temp, vision, hydration, bladder
60
PCP and ketamine acute effects
depend on dose and environment, high doses can be toxic
61
schedule I hallucinogens
psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, MDMA
62
medical uses of schedule I hallucinogens
depression, PTSD, drug and alcohol dependence, psychological trauma
63
tolerance of hallucinogens
develops quickly and dissipates quickly
64
tolerance of MDMA
depression and cognitive deficits
65
chronic use of PCP and ketamine
memory loss, speech problems, delusional thinking
66
addictive hallucinogens
PCP, ketamine, MDMA (slight potential)
67
nonaddictive hallucinogens
psilocybin, LSD, mescaline
68
opiates
occur naturally in opium poppy
69
example opiates
opium, morphine, codeine
70
opioids
natural/synthetic/semi-synthetic/endogenous substances that bind to opioid receptor
71
recent changes in opioid use
increase due to overprescription and nonmedical usage, as guidelines became stricter, people turned to heroin
72
most common methods of obtaining painkillers for nonmedical purposes
1. given to by friend or relative
and being prescribed by more than one doctor
73
naturally occurring opioids
coming from opium poppy
morphine, codeine, thebaine
74
semi-synthetic opioids
chemically modified natural opiates
heroin, Vicodin, oxycontin, Percocet
75
synthetic opioids
methadone, fentanyl
76
opioids route of administration
ingested, rectally, sublingually, transdermally, snorted, smoked, injected
77
mechanism of action opioids
opioid receptors and endogenous opioids
78
acute effects of opioids
diminish pain, suppress respiration, increase sleep, euphoria, impaired cognitive function
79
opioid triad
three key signs of opioid overdose
coma, depressed respiration, pinpoint pupils
80
medical uses of opioids
cough suppressant, alleviate diarrhea
81
opioid tolerance
metabolic, cellular, behavioral (increased tolerance if its in a location that has repeatedly been used prior), cross-tolerance to other opioids
82
withdrawal of opioids
symptoms are opposite of direct effects of drugs
pain, irritability, insomnia, diarrhea, dilated pupils
83
organ impact from opioids
organs are not damaged from long term use but addict lifestyle is most dangerous effect
84
opioid dependence
addiction due to physical, environmental, and psychosocial factors
85
substitution opioids
methadone and buprenorphine
harm reduction to allow addicts to function normally and lessen craves and withdrawals
86
other opioid treatment methods
needle exchange, detoxification under anesthesia
87
medications to aid opioid dependence
naltrexone, clonidine
88
most potent opioids
fentanyl, heroin, oxycodone
89
least potent opioids
morphine (baseline), codeine
90
sedatives
relieve anxiety, cause relaxation, mild CNS depressants
91
hypnotics
cause drowsiness and sleep
92
BZD prevalence
more popular than barbiturates, females to males = 2 to 1 ratio
93
barbiturates and BZDs more likely to be abused
short acting, lipid soluble
94
short acting sedatives used for
preanesthetic sedatives or for insomnia
95
longer acting sedatives used for
anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, anxiolytics
96
anxiolytic
kind of medication that eases anxiety
97
sedative routes of administration
oral, rectal, injection
98
BZD absorption
less lipid soluble than barbiturates, absorbed more slowly, slower onset of action
99
BZD trade names
xanax, valium, klonopin, Ativan
100
metabolism of sedatives
liver with cyp450 system
101
sedative metabolism decreased in ____
infants, pregnant women, liver disease, elderly
102
BZD mechanism of action
binds to GABA A receptor in limbic system, reticular activating system, cortex, (not respiration)
103
barbiturate mechanism of action
more general effect on GABA than BZD
104
acute effects of sedatives
reduce muscle tone, impair coordination, reduce anxiety, learning, memory, cause bizarre uninhibited behavior
105
effect of sedatives on sleep
total sleep time is increased by REM sleep and restorative deep sleep are reduced
106
effects of sedatives on fetus
cleft palate, floppy infant syndrome
107
sedative drug interactions
other drugs metabolized by cyp450 system
108
safety of barbiturates
low TI, risk of overdose increased when used with other opioids or depressants
109
Therapeutic use of barbiturates and BZDs
insomnia, anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, anesthesia
110
why have BZDs largely replaced barbiturates?
more specific effects
fewer side effects
wider margin of safety
lower potential for abuse/tolerance
less effect on REM sleep, longer lasting effects have less potential for abuse
111
z drugs
ambien, Lunesta, sonata
produce sleep rhythm more like natural sleep
increased risk of car accidents, sleep walking/eating/sex/driving
112
chronic use of sedatives
daytime fatigue, accidents, mortality
113
sedative tolerance
develops for sedative/hypnotic effects but not for anticonvulsant effects
more common in barbiturates (cellular and metabolic) than BZDs
114
sedative addiction
barbiturates > BZDs
115
sedative withdrawal
should be medically supervised
insomnia, confusion, difficulty concentrating
116
inhalants
substances that have effects similar to sedatives/hypnotics
117
prevalence of inhalants
younger adolescents
118
volatile inhalants
glues, aerosols, cleaning agents, fuels
119
anesthetic inhalants
ether, nitrous oxide
120
nitrite inhalants
amyl/butyl nitrite
121
acute effects of inhalants
similar to alcohol intoxication, huffing, sudden sniffing death syndrome, incoordination and recklessness
122
chronic use of inhalants
nose bleeds, depression, hostility, cancer, damage to organs, cognitive impairments
123
cannabis prevalence
most commonly used illicit drug in the US (18% in past year)
inverse relationship between use and perceived dangers
124
cannabis sativa
tall and slender with lighter green leaves
125
cannabis indica
shorter and bushier and darker leaves
126
almost all strains of cannabis today are ____
hybrids
127
female and male cannabis plants
flower clusters with psychoactive resin that catches pollen from male seeds, separating male and female will increase psychoactivity of the plants
128
phytocannabinoids
THC, CBD
bind to cannabinoid receptors in the body
129
THC
psychoactive
130
CBD
anti oxidant/convulsant/inflammatory/anxiety
131
hemp
trace amounts of THC, not psychoactive
132
cannabis routes of administration
smoked, vaporizers, ingested (slower onset and less predictability of action)
133
cannabis absorption
THC is very fat soluble, easily crosses BBB
134
cannabinoid receptors
CB1 and CB2
THC partial agonist, CBD negative allosteric modulator which blocks some of THC's effects
135
cannabinoids bind to other receptors in the body such as _________
GABA, serotonin, glutamate
136
mechanism of action of cannabis
endocannabinoid system
137
endocannabinoid system
widespread system that controls physiological effects and helps maintain homeostasis
138
neurotransmitters of endocannabinoid system
anandamide, 2-AG
139
function of enzymes of endocannabinoid system
synthesize and break down cannabinoids, endocannabinoids synthesized on demand, not stored
140
receptors of endocannabinoid system
CB1 and CB2
141
location of receptors of endocannabinoid system
basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, eye, pancreas, testes, uterus
142
acute effects of cannabis depend on ____
dose, ration of THC to CBD, previous experience and expectations, environment
143
biphasic dose response curve
for cannabis, optimal dose receives highest benefits and low/high doses receive low benefits (looks like normal curve)
144
acute effects of cannabis
euphoria, laughter, impaired memory, impaired coordination, enhanced sensory perception, drawn out sense of time, hunger/thirst, increase heart rate
145
TI of cannabis
very high, over 1000
146
negative effects of cannabis
impaired fertilization from high doses, drug interactions, collateral damage from use
147
medical uses of cannabis
chronic pain, nausea/vomiting, increase hunger, MS symptoms, reduce use of addictive substances, other disorders/conditions
148
tolerance of cannabis
regular use causes tolerance
149
addiction of cannabis
less addictive than other drugs, treatment involves psychological approaches, less than 50% stay abstinent
150
cannabis withdrawal
symptoms are not severe if they occur
151
primary function of liver in drug use
metabolism
152
primary function of kidneys in drug use
elimination
153
reward pathway in the brain
network of structures involved in pleasure, motivation, and reinforcement
154
two main structures of reward pathway
ventral tegmental area (midbrain, produces dopamine in reaction to rewarding stimuli) and nucleus accumbens (limbic system, receives dopamine and generates feelings of pleasure)
155
primary neurotransmitter of reward pathway
dopamine
156
How does methamphetamine differ from other stimulants and other forms of amphetamine?
stronger, longer lasting effect
stronger impact on dopamine release which causes euphoria, much more potential for abuse and addiction
