sedatives

Question 1

sedatives

Answer 1

relieve anxiety, cause relaxation, mild CNS depressants

Question 2

hypnotics

Answer 2

cause drowsiness and sleep

Question 3

BZD prevalence

Answer 3

more popular than barbiturates, females to males = 2 to 1 ratio

Question 4

barbiturates and BZDs more likely to be abused

Answer 4

short acting, lipid soluble

Question 5

short acting sedatives used for

Answer 5

preanesthetic sedatives or for insomnia

Question 6

longer acting sedatives used for

Answer 6

anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, anxiolytics

Question 7

anxiolytic

Answer 7

kind of medication that eases anxiety

Question 8

sedative routes of administration

Answer 8

oral, rectal, injection

Question 9

BZD absorption

Answer 9

less lipid soluble than barbiturates, absorbed more slowly, slower onset of action

Question 10

BZD trade names

Answer 10

xanax, valium, klonopin, Ativan

Question 11

metabolism of sedatives

Answer 11

liver with cyp450 system

Question 12

sedative metabolism decreased in ____

Answer 12

infants, pregnant women, liver disease, elderly

Question 13

BZD mechanism of action

Answer 13

binds to GABA A receptor in limbic system, reticular activating system, cortex, (not respiration)

Question 14

barbiturate mechanism of action

Answer 14

more general effect on GABA than BZD

Question 15

acute effects of sedatives

Answer 15

reduce muscle tone, impair coordination, reduce anxiety, learning, memory, cause bizarre uninhibited behavior

Question 16

effect of sedatives on sleep

Answer 16

total sleep time is increased by REM sleep and restorative deep sleep are reduced

Question 17

effects of sedatives on fetus

Answer 17

cleft palate, floppy infant syndrome

Question 18

sedative drug interactions

Answer 18

other drugs metabolized by cyp450 system

Question 19

safety of barbiturates

Answer 19

low TI, risk of overdose increased when used with other opioids or depressants

Question 20

Therapeutic use of barbiturates and BZDs

Answer 20

insomnia, anxiety, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, anesthesia

Question 21

why have BZDs largely replaced barbiturates?

Answer 21

more specific effects
fewer side effects
wider margin of safety
lower potential for abuse/tolerance
less effect on REM sleep, longer lasting effects have less potential for abuse

Question 22

z drugs

Answer 22

ambien, Lunesta, sonata

produce sleep rhythm more like natural sleep

increased risk of car accidents, sleep walking/eating/sex/driving

Question 23

chronic use of sedatives

Answer 23

daytime fatigue, accidents, mortality

Question 24

sedative tolerance

Answer 24

develops for sedative/hypnotic effects but not for anticonvulsant effects

more common in barbiturates (cellular and metabolic) than BZDs

Question 25

sedative addiction

Answer 25

barbiturates > BZDs

Question 26

sedative withdrawal

Answer 26

should be medically supervised insomnia, confusion, difficulty concentrating

Question 27

inhalants

Answer 27

substances that have effects similar to sedatives/hypnotics

Question 28

prevalence of inhalants

Answer 28

younger adolescents

Question 29

volatile inhalants

Answer 29

glues, aerosols, cleaning agents, fuels

Question 30

anesthetic inhalants

Answer 30

ether, nitrous oxide

Question 31

nitrite inhalants

Answer 31

amyl/butyl nitrite

Question 32

acute effects of inhalants

Answer 32

similar to alcohol intoxication, huffing, sudden sniffing death syndrome, incoordination and recklessness

Question 33

chronic use of inhalants

Answer 33

nose bleeds, depression, hostility, cancer, damage to organs, cognitive impairments