exam 4

Question 1

cognitive triad

Answer 1

negative thoughts about…
- self
- the world
- the future

Question 2

MDD symptoms

Answer 2

overwhelming sadness
feelings of worthlessness
loss of interest

Question 3

how does depression affect sleep

Answer 3

disrupts normal patterns

Question 4

monoamine theory

Answer 4

theory that depression is caused by low levels of serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine

Question 5

genetic cause of depression

Answer 5

children with depressed parents are more likely

Question 6

neuroanatomy cause of depression

Answer 6

smaller volumes of certain brain areas

Question 7

other biological causes of depression

Answer 7

overactive stress response, obesity, inflammation

Question 8

psychological causes of depression

Answer 8

cognitive beliefs, interpersonal factors, stressful life events

Question 9

social causes of depression

Answer 9

poverty, trauma, lack of social support

Question 10

disparity of men vs women diagnosed

Answer 10

women more than men, symptoms present differently which may lead to under diagnosis in men

Question 11

MAOI

Answer 11

inhibits enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, melatonin, histamine

Question 12

SSRI

Answer 12

blocks reuptake of serotonin

Question 13

TCA

Answer 13

blocks reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and decreases acetylcholine and histamine

Question 14

atypical/mixed

Answer 14

most block reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 15

mechanism of action of antidepressants on stress horomones

Answer 15

modulates HPA, reduces cortisol secretion

Question 16

mechanism of action of antidepressants on hippocampus

Answer 16

promotes neurogenesis (growth) in hippocampus since this is usually smaller in people with chronic depression

Question 17

proposed mechanism of action of ketamine

Answer 17

produces more glutamate, reduces neuroinflammation, increases connectivity of neurons

Question 18

components of bipolar disorder

Answer 18

periods of mania and hypomania

Question 19

suicide rates among bipolar

Answer 19

20-30x higher

Question 20

medications for bipolar disorder

Answer 20

lithium, anticonvulsants/antipsychotics, psychotherapy or electroconvulsive therapy

Question 21

risks of medication for bipolar disorder

Answer 21

antidepressants alone can increase risks of switching to mania

Question 22

how effective is medication treatment for schizophrenia

Answer 22

reduces positive symptoms and relapse prevention well, reduces negative symptoms less effectively

Question 23

main neurotransmitter disrupted by schizophrenia

Answer 23

dopamine (also glutamate)

Question 24

genetic component of schizophrenia

Answer 24

major role (heritability of 80%), highest when parents or identical twin is affected

Question 25

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 25

added experiences like hallucinations/delusions, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior

Question 26

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 26

reduction of normal functions like flat affect, poverty of speech, lack of motivation, anhedonia, social withdrawal

Question 27

brain structures and areas involved in addiction/reward pathway

Answer 27

VTA, Nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex

Question 28

vta role in reward pathway

Answer 28

origin of dopamine neurons

Question 29

nucleus accumbens role in reward pathway

Answer 29

target of dopamine from VTA, plays central role in reward/motivation/pleasure, commonly called pleasure center

Question 30

prefrontal cortex role in reward pathway

Answer 30

helps with judgment and self-control, addiction makes resisting urges weaker

Question 31

dopamine role in addiction

Answer 31

normally activated by natural rewards, drugs overactivate reward pathway and floods with dopamine, reinforces drug use behaviors

Question 32

capture ratio

Answer 32

percent who try a drug and become habitual users

Question 33

capture ratio 1

Answer 33

nicotine, activates dopamine system very quickly

Question 34

capture ratio 2

Answer 34

heroin, intense euphoria, severe withdrawal symptoms, fast tolerance buildup

Question 35

capture ratio 3

Answer 35

crack then powder cocaine, massive surge of dopamine in brain resulting in intense euphoria

Question 36

capture ratio 4

Answer 36

alcohol, affects various pathways in the brain

Question 37

capture ratio 5

Answer 37

amphetamine, high dopamine releases, intense and long-lasting effects, rapid development of tolerance and dependence

Question 38

heroin withdrawal

Answer 38

flu-like symptoms, muscle/joint paint, anxiety/depression/agitation, cravings not life-threatening, extremely uncomfortable, many relapse to ease these symptoms

Question 39

alcohol withdrawal

Answer 39

tremors, nausea/vomiting, severe anxiety/agitation, seizures, DTs withdrawal can be life-threatening, especially with long-term chronic use

Question 40

neuroanatomy and addiction

Answer 40

deficiency of dopamine in pleasure centers, changes in prefrontal cortex, sensitization in hippocampus

Question 41

genetics and addiction

Answer 41

no single addiction gene, environmental factors interact with personality traits like impulsivity, rebelliousness, insecurity

Question 42

primary prevention

Answer 42

directed at people with no experience

Question 43

secondary prevention

Answer 43

tries to minimize treatment in a population that has already had some experience

Question 44

tertiary prevention

Answer 44

aimed at those who are already heavy users

Question 45

universal prevention

Answer 45

aimed at general population to avoid development of use and abuse

Question 46

selective prevention

Answer 46

targeted at individuals in population who are thought to be high risk

Question 47

indicated prevention

Answer 47

aimed at those who show early danger signs of abuse but not yet diagnosed

Question 48

what do media literacy programs do

Answer 48

teaches viewers to understand, analyze, critically evaluate messages from ads, tvs, and movies

Question 49

urine test longest detected drug

Answer 49

thc

Question 50

why does thc last for so long in body

Answer 50

because it binds to fat cells in body which takes longer to be eliminated

Question 51

urine test length of detection

Answer 51

1-30 days

Question 52

urine test use

Answer 52

most common and least expensive test

Question 53

saliva test longest detected drug

Answer 53

methamphetamine and thc

Question 54

saliva test detection range

Answer 54

past 24 hours

Question 55

saliva test use

Answer 55

easy and non invasive

Question 56

hair test longest detected drug

Answer 56

thc

Question 57

hair test detection range

Answer 57

up to 90 days

Question 58

hair test use

Answer 58

more expensive than urine/saliva and may not be accurate

Question 59

sweat test longest detected drug

Answer 59

thc

Question 60

sweat test detection range

Answer 60

7-14 days

Question 61

sweat test use

Answer 61

criminal justice system to monitor drug use over long periods of time

Question 62

blood test longest detected drug

Answer 62

methamphetamine and cocaine

Question 63

blood test detection range

Answer 63

1-7 days

Question 64

blood test use

Answer 64

most expensive and most accurate, not commonly used

Question 65

greatest number of people go to seek mental health treatment for addiction

Answer 65

outpatient rehab facilities of self-help groups

Question 66

contingency management

Answer 66

rewards those in recovery with money and prizes for staying abstinent, very successful

Question 67

facts about AA

Answer 67

peer-operated by people with same addictive disorder no dues members follow 12 step recovery plan effectiveness is unclear but less than 50% consider use disorder chronic and incurable

Question 68

stages of change

Answer 68

??