exam 1 Flashcards
(189 cards)
1
Q
simple random sample
A
each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
2
Q
simple random sample pros and cons
A
pros
gives best chance of unbiased representative sample
cons
time consuming, difficult to achieve truly random sample
3
Q
stratified random sample
A
population is divided into subcategories and selected in proportion that they occur in the population
4
Q
stratified random sample pros and cons
A
pros
representative, can be generalized to general population
cons
proportion calculations are time consuming
5
Q
purposive samples
A
investigator intentionally chooses participants based on certain characteristics
6
Q
purposive sample pros and cons
A
pros
economical and time efficient
cons
selection bias can threaten internal and external validity
7
Q
self-selection/volunteer
A
people self-select to participate
8
Q
self-selection/volunteer pros and cons
A
pros
convenient, quick, easy
cons
non representative, volunteer bias causes threats to validity because differences in participants may underlie in results
9
Q
convenience sample
A
sample those who are available at the time
10
Q
convenience sample pros and cons
A
pros
convenient, quick, economical
cons
non representative, volunteer bias and selection bias can threaten external and internal validity
11
Q
downside of convenience sample
A
selection bias
12
Q
cross-sectional method
A
surveys that obtain data from respondents at one point in time. not for long periods of time.
13
Q
longitudinal method
A
same group of participants observed/measured/tested over time
14
Q
single blinded study
A
participant does not know whether they have received treatment or placebo
15
Q
double blinded study
A
investigator and participant do not know whether they have received treatment or placebo
16
Q
expectancy effect
A
may occur when participant’s expectation of a certain result affects the outcome of the experiment
17
Q
confirmation bias
A
tendency to interpret evidence as confirmation of one’s preexisting beliefs
18
Q
what is a drug?
A
any chemical entity or mixture of entities, other than those required for maintenance of normal health (like food), the administration of which alters biological function and possibly structure
19
Q
difference between drug use and drug abuse
A
abuse depends on the relationship a person has with the drug like long-term dependency, must impact daily life
20
Q
in 2024, ___% of the world’s adult population reported having used an illicit drug in the past year
A
5.6%
21
Q
most commonly used illicit drugs
A
cannabis
opioids
amphetamines
(not including nicotine, caffeine, alcohol)
22
Q
factors that influence a country’s drug use
A
policies, history, religion
23
Q
the US consumes ___% of the world’s supply of illicit drugs
A
65%
24
Q
why is drug use so high in the US?
A
American culture of a “quick fix” and the belief that we are independent enough to make our own decisions
25
age range with highest drug use
21-26
followed by 26-29
26
most widely used drug by teens
alcohol
27
most widely used illicit drug
cannabis
28
gender with highest illicit drug use
men
29
why are men more likely to use drugs than women?
sense of invulnerability, more impulsive, less averse to risk
30
race with lowest drug use rates
asians
31
race with highest rate of drug use
mixed race individuals
32
why are mixed race individuals more likely to use drugs
more pressure to fit in with either group, extra level of stress
33
education levels from lowest to highest drug use (4)
college grad
no high school
high school grad
college dropout
(less education is typically associated with more drug use)
34
every year, approximately ____ individuals die from properly prescribed and administered drugs
128,000
35
problems with acute drug use (4)
impurities in drug, problematic routes of administration, overdose, legal consequences
36
problems with chronic drug use (3)
same as acute, chronic health problems, problems with relationships/finances/work
37
illegal drugs
against the law
38
illicit drugs
against its intended use (non-medical use of prescription drugs, underage drinking)
39
recreational drugs
psychoactive substances taken for non-medical purposes (legal or illegal)
40
endogenous substances
produced and secreted within the body
41
example of endogenous substances
endorphins, anandamide
42
exogenous substances
naturally occurring from bacteria, fungi, plants, animals
43
examples of exogenous substances
cannabis, penicillin, psilocybin
44
examples of lab purified/synthesized exogenous substances
cocaine, morphine
45
synthetic drugs
created in a lab
46
examples of synthetic drugs
fentanyl, MDMA
47
chemical name
describes the molecular structure of the drug
48
generic name
official, nonproprietary designation, not capitalized
49
trade name
proprietary, chosen by the company that manufactured the drug, capitalized
50
average pharmaceutical cost per year per person in US vs other country average
$1,026 vs $515
51
controlled substances act of 1970
repealed, replaced, and consolidated all previous federal drug laws
created the five schedules of drugs
52
misdemeanor
less than one year behind bars
53
felony
more than one year behind bars
54
possession
knowingly and intentionally
55
trafficking
manufacture, import, distribution
56
conspiracy
unlawful agreement to commit a drug crime
57
penalties for drug offenses depend on (4)
which crime, which drug, quantities involved, first/repeated offense
58
what do harm reduction policies aim to do? (3)
reduce health risks associated with drug use
reduce prison overcrowding
focus on treatment instead of punishment
59
legally intoxicated BAC
0.08%
60
neurons
cells that receive and send signals throughout the body
61
sensory neurons
carry information into brain and spinal cord
62
motor nuerons
transmit signals from the brain and spinal cord out to muscles, nerves, and glands
63
neurogenesis
production of new neurons
64
neurogenesis enhancers and inhibitors
enhance: learning, physical exercise
inhibit: stress
65
neuroglia
nerve cells that support neurons and aid in neurotransmission
66
soma/cell body
contains nucleus, contains neurons machinery that keeps it functioning
67
axon
carries electrical signals
68
myelin sheath
covers axons to insulate and speed electrical transmission
69
electrical signals travel down axon to ____
axon terminal
70
axon terminal
neurotransmitters stores in vesicles, releases neurotransmitters into synapse, neurotransmitters bind to receptors located on dendrites of postsynaptic neuron
71
synapse
space between neurons
72
dendrites
main receptive surface of neurons
73
action potential
information travels down axon as a change in voltage for a brief time
the inside of the neuron becomes more positively charged compared to the outside (depolarized)
74
when the action potential reaches the axon terminal, _______
neurotransmitter is released into the synapse
75
effects at the postsynaptic receptors are terminated by (3)
reuptake, enzymatic degragation, diffusion
76
peripheral nervous system
all nerves going to and from the brain and spinal cord
77
two components of peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
78
somatic nervous system function (2)
neurons that carry sensory information into the CNS
neurons that carry motor signals from CNS to skeletal muscle cells
79
autonomic nervous system
neurons that carry information to or from heart muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
80
autonomic nervous system is divided into
sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
81
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight response
82
parasympathetic nervous system
business as usual, rest and digest
83
central nervous system
forebrain/cerebrum, midbrain, hindbrain
84
cerebral cortex (4)
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital lobes
85
frontal lobe function
planning, programming, speech, initiating voluntary movement
86
parietal lobe function
somatosensory area, abstract concepts
87
temporal lobe function
hearing and memory
88
occipital lobe
vision
89
limbic system function
emotions and memory
90
protection of the CNS (4)
bony skull and vertebrae, cerebrospinal fluid, 3 layers of meninges, blood brain barrier
91
blood brain barrier
specialized capillaries of the CNS that prevent entry of certain substances
92
nuerotransmitters
chemicals released from the axon terminal of one neuron and bind to receptors of another cell
93
major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain
GABA
94
major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain
glutamate
95
glutamate is involved in (4)
sensory signals
brain excitability
learning
memory
96
drugs that affect GABA (3)
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol
97
drugs that affect glutamate (3)
PCP, ketamine, alcohol
98
effect of serotonin
modulates raw information and gives it emotional tone, regulation of bodily functions (sleep, arousal, appetite, mood, sexual activity, nausea, bodily temperature, pain response, gastrointestinal function)
99
most common neurotransmitter in the brain
acetylcholine
100
locations of acetylcholine (3)
nueromuscular junction
autonomic nervous system
brain areas relating to learning, memory, motor function, sleep
101
drugs that affect acetylcholine (3)
nicotine, atropine, curare
102
endogenous opioids
endorphins
103
exogenous opioids
morphine, codeine, heroin
104
factors of pharmacokinetics (4)
absorption
distribution
transformation/metabolism
excretion
105
absorption
the process by which drugs pass from the external world into the bloodstream
106
factors that affect absorption (3)
dosage
route of administration
solubility
107
dosage
the dose of a drug will influence the affect it has on the body
108
appropriate dosage depends on (5)
nature of drug, body weight, prior experience with drug, age, overall health
109
routes of administration to bloodstream (7)
oral
rectal
sublingual
intranasal
transdermal
inhalation
injection
110
distribution
once absorbed into bloodstream, drug is distributed throughout the body
111
body parts with highest concentration of the drug will be
parts that receive the most blood (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, brain)
112
drug depot
area of the body that can accumulate and store a drug, but where no significant biological effect of the drug occurs
113
barriers to distribution
blood brain barrier
ineffective: placenta
114
metabolism
process by which the body accepts the drug, alters it chemically, and prepares for excretion
115
most important organ for metabolism
liver
116
factors that influence the rate of metabolism (7)
genetics
body size
age
time of day
sex
drug interactions
environment
117
elimination/excretion happens through
GI tract, sweat, saliva, breast milk
118
most important organ for elimination
kidney
119
pharmacodynamics
study of the ways a drug exerts its effects
120
receptors
specialized proteins located on the surface of or within a cell
121
ligand
substance that binds to a receptor, when it bends it produces a physical change in the shape of the protein which initiates a series of events (like a key in a lock, may decrease or increase actions)
122
types of receptors
endogenous neurotransmitter, inotropic, metabotropic
123
endogenous neurotransmitter
if the body contains a specific receptor for a substance, there must be a natural form of the substance
124
endogenous neurotransmitters examples
morphine/endogenous opioid receptors
cannabis/cannabinoid receptors
125
ionotropic receptor
receptor molecule itself is also an ion channel, fast/direct
126
metabotropic receptor
receptor and ion channel are two separate molecules, slow/indirect
127
ways substances bind to receptors
agonist, antagonist
128
agonist
mimic the effects (either inhibitory or excitatory) of a neurotransmitter
129
direct agonist
fit directly into the receptor
130
indirect agonist
may work indirectly by increasing the amount of neurotransmitter (affecting release, reuptake)
131
full agonist
bind and produce maximal effect
132
partial agonist
bind and partially activate a receptor
133
inverse agonist
substances that bind to the main receptor site and produce the opposite effects that an agonist does
134
allosteric modulator
substances that bind to alternate sites on the receptor and influence the binding of agonists to the main receptor site
135
antagonist
does not itself cause a response, instead it prevents neurotransmitter from having its effect
136
direct antagonist
fit directly into the receptor and block it
137
set
a person expectations about what a drug will do, can have a powerful effect on the drug's actions
138
placebo
a pharmacologically inert substance that can elicit a significant therapeutic response
139
factors that can affect placebo response (5)
genetics
neuroanatomy
experiences and expectations
personality
way the drug is presented
140
setting
the setting in which a drug is presented can greatly influence a person's drug experience
141
side effects
pharmacological actions that occur in addition to the main action, not all are necessarily bad or dangerous
142
dose-response curve
measures the magnitude of a drug's effect as a function of the dose
143
potency
the lower the dose necessary to produce the desired effect, the more potent the drug
144
efficacy
the maximum effect that can be produced by the drug
145
therapeutic index and margin of safety
measures the safety of the drug
the lower they are, the more dangerous the drug
146
pharmacokinetic drug interactions
when one drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another
147
pharmacodynamic drug interactions
when one drug alters the pharmacological effect of another, usually at the receptor site
148
tolerance
when more drug is needed to produce the same desired response
149
acute tolerance
can occur with a single exposure to a drug
150
metabolic tolerance
repeated use of a drug can cause body to speed up the metabolism of the drug
151
cellular tolerance
with chronic use, receptors in the brain adapt to the compound presence of the drug
152
behavioral tolerance
learning how to "handle yourself" while on a drug
153
cross tolerance
tolerance of one drug reduces the effectiveness of another drug with a similar mechanism of action
154
reverse tolerance
increased reaction to a drug following its repeated use
155
select tolerance
brain will reduce some of the effects a substance produces but not all of them
156
withdrawal
physical symptoms due to an abrupt discontinuation of a chronically used drug, usually the opposite of the direct effects of the drug
157
fastest route of administration
intravenous
158
blood brain barrier capillary structure
prohibits water-soluble substances from entering the brain, but allows fat-soluble substances to cross
hardly any pores, so no large molecules
159
best route of administration depends on (3)
characteristics of the drug, goals of administration, specific circumstances
160
critical thinking
thinking about your thinking while you're thinking in order to make your thinking better
161
fallacies of relevance
arguments that are irrelevant to the matter at hand
162
fallacies of insufficient evidence
arguments that do not provide sufficient or appropriate evidence to support themselves
163
what are the drug schedules based on? (3)
potential for abuse, medical benefits, likelihood for producing physical or psychological dependence
164
schedule I
most potential for abuse, no medicinal qualities
165
schedule II
high potential for abuse, some medicinal qualities
166
schedule III
moderate potential for abuse, acceptable medicinal qualities (with prescription required)
167
schedule IV
low potential for abuse, acceptable medicinal qualities (fewer refill regulations for prescriptions)
168
schedule V
lowest potential for abuse, acceptable medicinal qualities (prescription required with fewest refill regulations)
169
heroin schedule
1
170
LSD schedule
1
171
ecstasy schedule
1
172
Vicodin schedule
2
173
cocaine schedule
2
174
meth schedule
2
175
oxycontin schedule
2
176
adderall schedule
2
177
Tylenol with codeine schedule
3
178
ketamine schedule
3
179
steroids schedule
3
180
testosterone schedule
3
181
xanax schedule
4
182
Darvon schedule
4
183
valium schedule
4
184
ambien schedule
4
185
robitussin schedule
5
186
lomotil schedule
5
187
Lyrica schedule
5
188
Cannabis schedule
1
189
first pass effect
phenomenon by which orally administered drugs are metabolized by liver enzymes before they reach the general bloodstream (usually reduces bioavailability)
