exam 2: head and neck digestive pathway

Question 1

Sensitive and mobile, used for selection and prehension of food.

Answer 1

Lips

Question 2

Upper lip sensitivity is used when a twitch is applied, releases ___________

Answer 2

endorphins

Question 3

Communicates with the oral cavity by the
diastema and the space caudal to the last molar.

Answer 3

Oral vestibule

Question 4

Caudal boundary of oral cavity, joins caudal end of
the hard palate and the root of
the tongue

Answer 4

Palatoglossal arch

Question 5

Dorsal boundary of the oral cavity

Answer 5

Hard palate

Question 6

what bones make up the hard palate? what is it covered by?

Answer 6

Incisive, maxillary and palatine bones, covered with a thick mucosa with uneven palatine crests(3) and an enlarged palatine venous plexus.

Question 7

what is important to know about the incisive papilla in a horse compared to a dog

Answer 7

present but is blind in equines- pheromones only enter through the nose

Question 8

Ventral boundary of the oral cavity

Answer 8

Tongue

Question 9

Tongue: Long and spatulate in its _______, with a narrow ______ with two ventral fleshy ___________ caruncle .

Answer 9

apex, frenulum, sublingual

Question 10

____________papillae gives a velvet-like surface to the tongue

Answer 10

Filiform

Question 11

T/F Fungiform papillae are scarce on the tongue

Answer 11

true

Question 12

___________ big vallate papillae between the body and the root of the tongue

Answer 12

2

Question 13

where are the Foliate papillae located on the tongue

Answer 13

lateral in the root

Question 14

Answer 14

narrow frenulum (1)
sublingual caruncle (2)

Question 15

dorsal boundary of the oropharynx, it is elongated and has lymphoid tissue on it

Answer 15

soft palate

Question 16

rostral boundary of the oropharynx

Answer 16

• Palatoglossal arch

Question 17

what is located at the lateral walls of the oropharynx

Answer 17

large palatine tonsils (not covered like in dogs)

Question 18

In the oropharynx, what is located between the root of the tongue and the base of the epiglottis

Answer 18

Glossoepiglottic fold

Question 19

in the oropharynx, what structure is on each side of the fold, leads to the laryngopharynx (piriform recesses)

Answer 19

Epiglottic vallecula

Question 20

purpose of the Epiglottic vallecula

Answer 20

prevents food from going into respiratory pathway

Question 21

Answer 21

Question 22

T/F the Laryngopharynx is located ventral to the larynx

Answer 22

false; dorsal

Question 23

what doest the equine Laryngopharynx lack

Answer 23

Lacks Pharyngo-esophageal limen (fold)

Question 24

what number on the diagram is the Laryngopharynx

Answer 24

6

Question 25

Equine teeth needed to cut, crush, and grind what type of feed

Answer 25

highly fibrous feed stuffs

Question 26

why type of teeth do horses (herbivores) have

Answer 26

Hypsodont – “long tooth”

Question 27

How are the teeth of horses different from dogs/carnivores

Answer 27

horse= hypsodont (long) dog= brachydont (short teeth)

Question 28

T/F Teeth continue to erupt throughout life in a horse

Answer 28

true

Question 29

equine teeth will "wear" how many mm

Answer 29

about 2-3 mm per year

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

what is the clinical crown of the tooth

Answer 31

part of the tooth you see when you open the mouth

Question 32

what is the reserved crown of the tooth

Answer 32

the part of the tooth in the bone

Question 33

what is the root of the tooth

Answer 33

tip of tooth in the bone

Question 34

what is the Anatomical crown

Answer 34

the whole tooth

Question 35

__________ covers surface of teeth and forms periodontal ligament cementing tooth in alveolar bone

Answer 35

* Cementum (stains easy)

Question 36

what layer is under the Cementum layer of an equine tooth

Answer 36

Enamel

Question 37

Incisors have a second involution of enamel creating a “cup” called the __________

Answer 37

infundibulum

Question 38

What is the layer under the enamel on the horse tooth

Answer 38

Dentin

Question 39

what is significant about the dentin of the tooth

Answer 39

is a living, softer layer deep to the enamel

Question 40

what continue to produce new (secondary) dentin throughout life

Answer 40

Odontoblasts

Question 41

Secondary dentin fills in exposed pulp cavity as the tooth is worn down what is this called

Answer 41

“dental star”

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

Types of Teeth for equine

Answer 43

* Incisor * +/- Canines * Premolars * Molars

Question 44

Do both sexes have canine teeth

Answer 44

* Found in both sexes but don’t tend to erupt in mares.

Question 45

what is the first premolar called

Answer 45

Wolf tooth * Small and nonocclusal * May or may not be present

Question 46

what is the common, overall term for premolars and molars

Answer 46

cheek teeth

Question 47

T/F wolf teeth are called cheek teeth

Answer 47

NO

Question 48

Deciduous dental formula

Answer 48

* 2(I3/3: C0/0: PM3/3) = 24

Question 49

Permanent dental formula

Answer 49

* 2(I3/3 :C1/1 :PM4/3 :M3/3) = 36-42

Question 50

How do we name the incisors in equine

Answer 50

central (1), intermediate (2), corner (3)

Question 51

what is the first “cheek tooth”

Answer 51

2nd Premolar

Question 52

Tooth X04 is always the _________ tooth

Answer 52

canine (104, 204, 304, 404)

Question 53

Tooth X09 is always the _________

Answer 53

first molar (109, 209, 309, 409)

Question 54

what tooth is X06

Answer 54

(2nd premolar) is the first cheek tooth of the horse

Question 55

what does Anisognathus mean

Answer 55

teeth do not match perfectly (when they meet at point)

Question 56

Upper arcade: (wider/ narrow) Lower arcade: (wider/ narrow)

Answer 56

* Upper arcade: wider * Lower arcade: narrow

Question 57

Anisognathus (upper and lower arcades) result in

Answer 57

uneven wear of occlusal surface

Question 58

uneven wear of occlusal surface of equine teeth leads to formation of

Answer 58

“Points” on buccal side of upper cheek teeth and lingual side of lower cheek teeth

Question 59

Upper arcade tends to have teeth further ________ than lower arcade

Answer 59

rostral

Question 60

Upper arcade tends to have teeth further rostral than lower arcade what does this lead to

Answer 60

Results in uneven wear and “hooks” on first upper cheek tooth and last lower cheek tooth

Question 61

why do we float equine teeth

Answer 61

Regular “floating” can prevent hook and point formation and improve the grinding surface

Question 62

Answer 62

hook

Question 63

what is the most accurate way to date horse teeth

Answer 63

Eruption Dates: most accurate

Question 64

When do central, intermediate, corner incisors first erupt

Answer 64

6 days, 6 weeks, 6 months respectively

Question 65

when do central, intermediate, corner incisors turn into permanent teeth

Answer 65

2.5, 3.5, 4.5 yrs

Question 66

“In Wear” takes __________for teeth to erupt to occlusal surface and for enamel to begin to erode

Answer 66

6 months

Question 67

what does “Level” mean when aging teeth

Answer 67

all enamel is in wear

Question 68

how old

Answer 68

3 yrs

Question 69

how old

Answer 69

2 yrs

Question 70

* Cups begin to disappear around ________ of age

Answer 70

6 years

Question 71

Eruption of canines and cheek teeth: canines

Answer 71

5 years

Question 72

Eruption of canines and cheek teeth premolar and molar

Answer 72

premolar: 2, 3, 4 molar: 1, 2, 3.5-4

Question 73

________ bumps or cysts are bony enlargements on the mandible or maxilla that occur during eruption of cheek teeth

Answer 73

Eruption

Question 74

identify 1, 2,3

Answer 74

Question 75

about how old is this horse: tooth is wider than it is tall

Answer 75

5-9 yr

Question 76

about how old is this horse: shape is square (width = height)

Answer 76

9-10 yr

Question 77

about how old is this horse: tooth continues to get taller with age (height > width)

Answer 77

> 10 yr

Question 78

The upper and lower incisors in young horses meet at what angle

Answer 78

upright angle (~180°)

Question 79

As the horse ages, the incisors meet at what angle

Answer 79

acute angle (<120°)

Question 80

Upper corner incisor hook appears when?

Answer 80

Appears at 7 years and again at 11 years * Not very reliable to use for aging

Question 81

Answer 81

Galvayne’s Groove

Question 82

when does the Galvayne’s Groove appear

Answer 82

10 years

Question 83

Galvayne’s Groove is halfway down at ______yrs

Answer 83

15

Question 84

Galvayne’s Groove is all the way down the tooth at _____

Answer 84

20

Question 85

Galvayne’s Groove is all the way gone at

Answer 85

30 years

Question 86

T/F The relationship of the teeth with the sinuses change as the horse ages and teeth are worn.

Answer 86

true

Question 87

The length of reserve crown decreases with age after completing formation around _______________old

Answer 87

5 years of age.

Question 88

what Pre molar and molar are in the rostral maxillary sinus

Answer 88

PM4/M1

Question 89

what molars are in the caudal maxillary sinus

Answer 89

M2 /M3

Question 90

how old is this horse

Answer 90

between 10-12 years **harder to know exactly the older they are**

Question 91

how old is this horse

Answer 91

4 years old