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CVM: 720 Anatomy II > exam 2: Non-Ruminant herbivore digestive physiology > Flashcards

exam 2: Non-Ruminant herbivore digestive physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of fermenters

A

Pre-gastric fermenters

Hindgut fermenters (non-ruminant herbivores)

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2
Q

what are the sub-categories of Pre-gastric fermenters

A
  • Ruminants
  • Non-ruminant herbivores- Foregut fermenters
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3
Q

What is the difference between pre-gastric and hindgut fermenters

A

pre-gastric: fermenting prior to gastric stomach and SI

Hindgut: fermenting after the small intestine

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4
Q

examples of ruminants

A

sheep
cow
goat
deer
camel

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5
Q

what are some animals that are Cecal fermenters

A

rabbit
guinea pig
chinchillas
rats

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6
Q

what are some animals that are Colon fermenters

A

horse
gorilla
elephants
rhino
koala

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7
Q

Whether the animal ferments BEFORE or AFTER the gastric stomach and SI has a huge effect on _______________________

A

efficiency of utilization of
fermentation products

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8
Q

Microbial fermentation is only useful IF digestive system can (2)

A
  • Retain digesta(keep large particles) and microbes for long periods of time
  • Maintain an environment suitable for fermentation
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9
Q

what are the 3 factors for utilizing microbial
fermentation

A
  • Volume available for fermentation
  • Retention time
  • Microbial populations similar in most species
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10
Q

Volume available for fermentation is greatest in ___________

A

greatest in ruminants

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11
Q

How much of the GI tract in a ruminant is dedicated to fermentation

A

75%

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12
Q

Does an animal want a longer or shorter retention time

A

LONGER

the longer the animal can retain, more fermentation, and more contact time with microbes

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13
Q

GIT modifications to facilitate microbial fermentation – what type of modifications?

A

Pregastric= compartments in stomach to selectively sort and retain fibrous material

vs.

hindgut= either larger cecum or larger colon

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14
Q

Non-ruminant herbivores include what animals

A

Horse, rabbit, guinea pig, zebra,
elephant, hippopotamus,
kangaroo

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15
Q

what are the Three groups of Non-ruminant herbivores

A
  • Foregut fermenters
  • Cecal fermenters
  • Colon fermenters
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16
Q

what animal is this

A

HORSE

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17
Q

One or more pouches for fermentation separate from gastric region – “pre-gastric” fermentation

this is known as a ____________ stomach

A

Compartmentalized

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18
Q

In animals with compartmentalized stomachs aka Foregut fermenters (non-ruminant herbivore) , they tend to have ___ to ___ pouches for fermentation

A

2-4 pouches

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19
Q

what region of the stomach is expanded for fermentation in Foregut fermenters (non-ruminant herbivore)

A

expanded cardiac region

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20
Q

Foregut fermenters can be _________ feeders or ____________

A

bulk roughage feeders or browsers

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21
Q

Identify these animals as bulk roughage feeders or browsers:

  • Sloth
  • Colobus monkey
  • Kangaroos and wallabies
  • Hippopotamus
A
  • Sloth, Colobus monkey= browser
  • Kangaroos and wallabies= browzer and graze
  • Hippopotamus= bulk roughage
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22
Q

T/F None of the non-ruminant
herbivore domesticated species are
foregut fermenters

A

true

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23
Q

What is an advantage to being a Foregut fermenters

A

can degrade plant toxins easily

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24
Q

How would you describe the digestive tract of a kangaroo

A

Long tube of 3 parts

  1. sacciform
  2. tubiform (fiber digestion)
  3. gastric
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25
How would you describe the tract of a sloth
3 chamber stomach **leaves take ~1mo to digest
26
How would you describe the tract of a colobus monkey
4 pouches/chambers
27
Rodents and lagomorphs are _______ fermenters
Cecal fermenters
28
Because cecum is ______ sac, digesta must pass out via______________
blind; route of entry
29
Because cecum is blind sac, digesta must pass out via route of entry this allows the cecum to selectively ___________
selectively retain certain fractions of feed
30
In Cecal fermenters, cecal contents enter colon _______ times a day
1-2 times
31
Rabbit, guinea pig, rodents are _______ fermenters
Cecal fermenters
32
How do cecal fermenters like rabbits, rodents, etc. handle fiber
* Digestibility of fiber very low * Evolved strategy to separate and excrete indigestible fiber
33
Cecal fermenters seperate particles based on ________ in colon
density
34
what happens to less dense material in a Cecal fermenter
larger fiber particles remain in the lumen, move on through the colon
35
what happens to denser, smaller/fluid material in a Cecal fermenter
remain around perimeter( proteins and fiber that is easily digestible) and move into cecum for fermentation
36
what are the two types of feces produced by Cecal fermenters
* Hard feces * Soft feces (night feces)
37
what is hard feces composed of
indigestive fiber
38
what is Soft feces (night feces) composed of
also called cecotropes cecal contents coated with mucus, gets consumed by animal because it is full of B vitamins and microbial protein
39
Hindgut/colon fermentation is limited in ________ and some __________
Limited in omnivores and some herbivores (ruminants)
40
what are the 4 major hindgut functions
* Primary site of microbial fermentation in colon fermenters * Mixing of contents * Ileum and colonic epithelium secrete bicarbonate * Reabsorption of fluid and electrolytes
41
Major hindgut functions: Mixing of contents promotes what to happen?
movement promotes fermentation and expose content to mucosal surface for absorption of VFA's
42
Major hindgut functions: Ileum and colonic epithelium secrete ________
bicarbonate
43
Ileum and colonic epithelium secrete bicarbonate. what does this help buffer?
VFA's to maintain pH If VFA's build up= acidic pH
44
what is the most important function of the hindgut
Reabsorption of fluid and electrolyte
45
products of fermentation used for energy
Volatile fatty acids (VFA)
46
what are the 3 Volatile fatty acids
* Acetate * Propionate * Butyrate
47
Equids, elephants, koalas are _______ fermenters
Colon fermenters (grazers)
48
Colon fermenters have an enlarged _______ and cecum for ___________ fermentation
colon, microbial
49
The enlarged colon and cecum for microbial fermentation in colon fermenters helps ferments material that _____________________
Resists breakdown in SI AND starch/sugar that escapes SI digestion
50
Hindgut fermentation is less efficient. Why?
less opportunity to absorb VFA's and cant utilize microbial protein **this is a big loss compared to ruminants and why we still have to supplement horses
51
Hindgut subtrates include (3)
1. structural carbohydrates 2. non-structural carbohydrates 3. proteins
52
Hindgut: how much of Structural carbs reach the hindgut
acid exposure from gastric stomach can increase susceptibility to microbes MORE structural carbs= HARDER TO DIGEST
53
Hindgut: how much of Non-Structural carbs reach the hindgut/what does it affect
How much non-structural reaches the hindgut affects the risk of colic and laminitis
54
Hindgut: how much protein reaches hindgut/ what is it for
source of nitrogen for microbes microbes utilize urea recycling to hindgut
55
Hindgut functional anatomy: List the functional sections of the equine hindgut
Cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, small colon
56
what are Haustra
Saclike invaginations (smooth muscle) in cecum and colon
56
what are the two important areas of size reduction of the equine hindgut
1. at the pelvic flexure 2. junction of large to small colon
57
Hindgut functional anatomy: Soluble digesta reaches cecum ~_____ hrs after ingestion – solids take (longer/shorter) depending on particle size
2 hours, longer
58
Cecal motility mixes and slowly transports from __________ to ___________
haustra → haustra
59
Hindgut functional anatomy: Every _________ minutes, mass movement contraction to move digesta from cecum
3-4 minutes
60
Every 3-4 minutes, mass movement contraction to move digesta from cecum to _______________
right ventral colon via cecocolic orifice (no retrograde movement)
61
what are the 3 major types of colon motility
1. Haustral segmentation contractions 2. Propulsive peristalsis 3. Retropulsive peristalsis
62
what type of colon motility is this: Mix to promote fermentation and aid in VFA absorption
Haustral segmentation contractions
63
what type of colon motility is this: Originates near cecum following mass movements – propel digesta towards left ventral colon
Propulsive peristalsis
64
what type of colon motility is this: Antiperistalsis movements in left ventral colon resist digesta flowing forward → results in retention and mixing
Retropulsive peristalsis
65
During Retropulsive peristalsis, antiperistalsis movements in left ventral colon resist digesta flowing forward → results in _____________
retention and mixing--> allows for more time with the microbes
66
At the Pelvic flexure, narrow diameter + antiperistalsis movements help to retain larger particles for ____________
further fermentation
67
Pelvic flexure allows what materials to pass through
liquids and soluble material to pass through
68
Common site for impactions (near or within flexure)
Pelvic flexure
69
Actions in dorsal colon mimic those of ________
ventral colon
70
Diameter decreases at junction of large and small colon – creates ____________
impedance to digesta flow
71
Colon motility: Retropulsion originates near __________, which causes mixing and allows more ________
junction; fermentation
72
Segmentation contractions of small colon form __________
Fecal balls
73
Small colon recovers water, _____ and _____
electrolytes, and VFAs
74
Large water and electrolyte fluxes in the large and small colon results in high vulnerability of horses to __________
colonic diseases → fluid and electrolyte losses can be significant
75
Overall, transit through colon takes _____ days
2-3 days
76
As microbes die in hindgut, they are washed out and excreted in feces → this is _________________
wasted microbial protein!
77
Limited utilization of VFAs produced in hindgut = limited time for ________
absorption
78
Hindgut fermentation (less/more) efficient compared to ruminant foregut fermentation in terms of utilizing fermentation products
LESS
79
Hindgut fermentation less efficient compared to ____________ fermentation in terms of utilizing fermentation products
ruminant foregut

CVM: 720 Anatomy II (44 decks)

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