Lecture 44/45: Porcine anatomy (sparks pt.1)

Question 1

General term for animals in the pig family

Answer 1

Swine

Question 2

Mature domesticated swine, usually weighing more than 120 pounds

Answer 2

hog

Question 3

what is the difference between a boar and a barrow

Answer 3

Boar: Uncastrated male pig more than 6 months old, typically used for breeding.

Barrow: Castrated male pig.

Question 4

what is the difference between a sow and a gilt

Answer 4

▪ Gilt: Young female pig that has not yet had a liter.

▪ Sow: Female pig that has had a liter

Question 5

Baby pig from birth to conventional weaning age is called a

Answer 5

Piglet

Question 6

Sterile female piglet born as a twin with a male, resulting from exposure to
masculinizing hormones during fetal development due to shared blood circulation.

what is the term for this?

Answer 6

Freemartin piglet

Question 7

Are genetically female, but testicles can be present, or ovotestes, which are a combination of ovarian and testicular
tissue

Answer 7

Freemartin piglet

Question 8

Process of a sow giving birth to piglets

Answer 8

Farrowing

Question 9

what is the family and type genus that pigs belong to

Answer 9

Family: Suida

Genera: 6 extant

Type Genus: Sus – genus of domestic and wild pigs

Question 10

list some things that veterinarians do/aid with involving pigs

Answer 10

Question 11

Short life span makes individual care _______

Answer 11

uneconomic; Most pigs are slaughtered at 5 or 6 months

Question 12

T/F Focus is on herd health, rather than individual

Answer 12

true; infectious diseases, diet, breeding, farrowing

Question 13

why is it difficult to perform a clinical exam on a pig

Answer 13

▪ Thick layer of subcutaneous fat
▪ Hazardous in older animals due to aggressive nature

Question 14

what structure(s) are frequently inspected
for meat quality, so you need to know
where those are

Answer 14

Lymph nodes

Question 15

why do we use pigs so often for research projects

Answer 15

▪ Pigs have similar anatomy, physiology, and
immunology to humans.

▪ Pigs are large enough to use wearable and
implantable devices for monitoring physiology.

▪ Pigs are social animals that engage in complex behaviors, which can help researchers understand how disease affects people

Question 16

list some specific research topics we’ve used pigs for over the years

Answer 16

Drug and vaccine design
Dermatology
Neurotrauma
Kidney research
Organ transplantation

Question 17

explain how pigs have been involved with xenotransplantation

Answer 17

 Genetically modified pigs are used
 Success rates vary
 Mainly: heart / heart valve, liver, kidney
 Other: cornea, thymus, skin, bone

Question 18

T/F use of pigs in forensic research to
study decomposition rates in humans

Answer 18

true –because Pigs share several characteristics with humans, including body mass, skin and hair coverage, and gut microbiota.

Question 19

why do we use pigs in forensic entomology

Answer 19

Allows for study of which types of insects
and scavengers flock to decomposing flesh
in different regions

Question 20

how are pigs used for work

Answer 20

hunt truffles

Question 21

what are some common health concerns in our potbellied pigs that are household pets

Answer 21

Obesity

Respiratory issues

Skin problems (Sarcoptic mange, skin tumors, rashes)

Question 22

Head and neck together form a ______ that blends with the trunk at the level of the forelimbs

Answer 22

cone

Question 23

Pigs have a (Large/Small) pelvic girdle in relation to the overall dimensions of the hindquarters

Answer 23

small

Question 24

Skull sweeps sharply _____ to a prominence that rises well above the brain

Answer 24

upward

Question 25

what is significant about the pigs tuber ischii? why is this important?

Answer 25

Tuber ischii usually remains unfused ▪ Risk of detachment by pull of powerful hamstring mm

Question 26

Rostral bone (os rostrale) serves as an insertion point for what muscle

Answer 26

Insertion of levator labii superioris m

Question 27

Large paracondylar processes of the porcine skull serves as the origin site for what muscle

Answer 27

Origin of digastricus m

Question 28

the Sturdy zygomatic arch of the porcine skull is the origin of what muscle

Answer 28

Origin of levator labii superioris m

Question 29

T/F pigs have a large orbit

Answer 29

false; Relatively small orbit

Question 30

T/F pigs lack a tapetum lucidum

Answer 30

true: Pigs have small, deep-set eyes that lack a tapetum lucidum*

Question 31

Identify: 1,6,7,17

Answer 31

Rostral bone (os rostrale) (1) Sturdy zygomatic arch (6) Steep frontal region with apex at occipital protuberance (7) Large paracondylar processes (17)

Question 32

T/F the pigs has prominent temporal lines

Answer 32

true

Question 33

are a warthogs "warts" boney prominences

Answer 33

A warthog’s “warts” are NOT bone  Skin modification comprised of cartilage and fat

Question 34

what is the porcine paranasal sinuses comprised of

Answer 34

▪ Frontal sinuses (rostral and caudal) ▪ Maxillary sinus ▪ Lacrimal sinus ▪ Sphenoidal sinus ▪ Conchal sinuses

Question 35

Identify 1-4

Answer 35

1, Rostral frontal sinus 2, caudal frontal sinus 3, sphenoidal sinus (in the yellow spot) 4, maxillary sinus

Question 36

identify 6,7,13

Answer 36

6, conchal sinus 7, portion of frontal sinus exposed by paramedian saw cut 13, sphenoid sinus

Question 37

▪ Ventral to the orbit ▪ Extends into the base of the zygomatic arch what sinus is this?

Answer 37

Maxillary sinus

Question 38

location of the Maxillary sinus in relation to the orbit

Answer 38

Ventral to the orbit

Question 39

identify 9-12

Answer 39

Maxillary sinus (11) Frontal sinus (9, 10, 12)

Question 40

what is the relevance of the frontal sinus in a pig

Answer 40

pigs cannot be reliably stunned by mechanical means (e.g., non-penetrating captive bolt)

Question 41

since we cannot stun pigs, how can we perform humane euthanasia

Answer 41

Question 42

Are pigs "full-mouthed+

Answer 42

Pigs are full-mouthed and have the most complete dentition of any domestic animal

Question 43

what type of teeth do pigs have

Answer 43

Primarily brachydont, except the canine teeth are hypsodont

Question 44

what are 2 unique features of the pigs teeth

Answer 44

▪ Needle teeth in piglets ▪ Tusks

Question 45

dental formula for pigs

Answer 45

Question 46

Piglets have deciduous teeth know as _________

Answer 46

“needle teeth” (3rd incisors and canines)

Question 47

why do we clip needle teeth

Answer 47

▪ Can injure the sow, other piglets, and YOU! ▪ Clipping these is common practice

Question 48

identify 1,2,4

Answer 48

1, Permanent notch in upper lip opposite tusk 2, hard palate with ridges 4, incisive papilla

Question 49

define tusk

Answer 49

Curved upper and lower canine teeth that are aradicular hypsodont

Question 50

what are 3 important things to know about tusk

Answer 50

▪ Open root apex / lack a root structure ▪ Continuous growth ▪ High crown

Question 51

when do tusk erupt

Answer 51

between 5 – 7 months of age; More prominent in males

Question 52

why are tusk dangerous

Answer 52

 Edges of lower canines are sharpened against upper canines – very sharp!  Can inflict considerable injury to other animals and humans

Question 53

what is unqiue about the tusk of the male Babirousa

Answer 53

upper canine alveoli are flipped upwards

Question 54

why is there a variation in thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in pigs

Answer 54

Selective breeding to increase number since loins are most valuable part of carcass

Question 55

pigs have "high spine" on which 2 vertebrae

Answer 55

C2 and C7

Question 56

what are some significant things to note about the sacrum (3)

Answer 56

▪lacks spinous processes ▪ Abrupt drop in height at LS junction ▪ LS space available, but rarely used for epidural or anesthetic

Question 57

________ is the highest feature of the sacrum of a pig

Answer 57

Iliac crest

Question 58

what happens to the caudal vertebrae in pig/what are they involved in

Answer 58

▪ Most caudal vertebrae contribute to curly tail ▪ Often removed shortly after birth to prevent tail- biting which can lead to infection

Question 59

T/F No remarkable differences in proximal thoracic and pelvic limb bones of a pig

Answer 59

true

Question 60

what is significant about the ulnar/fibula of a pig

Answer 60

Well-developed, weight-bearing ulnae and fibulae

Question 61

explain what is unique about the carpal/tarsal bones of a pig and the digits

Answer 61

▪ Complete sets of carpal and tarsal bones with no fusion ▪ Four complete digits, each having proximal, middle, and distal phalanges

Question 62

what are the weight bearing digits of a pig?

Answer 62

 Digits 3 and 4 are **consistently** weight-bearing  Digits 2 and 5 can bear weight based on terrain

Question 63

what digits are referred to as accessory digits or dew claws

Answer 63

Digits 2 and 5

Question 64

identify 1-4

Answer 64

1. Soft bulb (1) 2.sole (2) 3.wall (3) 4. Dew claws (4)

Question 65

Short lifespan and common practice of running pigs on concrete make hoof trimming _________

Answer 65

rarely necessary

Question 66

T/F hoof of a pig resembles one of a cow

Answer 66

true

Question 67

what is being pointed to? what is their purpose?

Answer 67

carpal glands-- Exocrine (scent) glands that secrete chemical signals ▪ Used for social interaction, territorial marking, and reproductive behavior ▪ Possibly also used for defense against pathogens ▪ can become clogged

Question 68

The rostrum, or snout, is supported by a _____________ that lies against the rostral end of the nasal septum

Answer 68

rostral bone (os rostrale)

Question 69

what 3 things do we need to know about the nose

Answer 69

▪ Insertion of levator labii superioris m. ▪ Provides support and motility for tip of muzzle (the rostral plate) ▪ Supports rooting behavior

Question 70

A contagious respiratory disease of pigs that is highly prevalent throughout the world where modern pig husbandry is practiced  Clinical manifestation: partial or complete atrophy of one or both turbinate bones in the nose, twisting or shortening of the nose, nasal discharges, sneezing, nasal hemorrhage, and retarded growth rate

Answer 70

Atrophic rhinitis

Question 70

identify 1,2,4,5

Answer 70

1, Dorsal turbinate bone 2, ventral turbinate bone 4, choana 5, ethmoturbinates in fundus of nasal cavity

Question 71

what is going on with B

Answer 71

atrophic rhinitis

Question 72

 Blind pouch dorsal to the entrance into the esophagus  Shorter in piglet (~1 cm) in comparison to the adult (~3-4 cm) what structure is this

Answer 72

Pharyngeal diverticulum

Question 73

Care must be taken not to injure or insert medications into the diverticulum when administering oral medication if perforated, what happens?

Answer 73

Perforation can result in meds being deposited into tissues of neck, with damaging effects

Question 74

what is #13

Answer 74

Pharyngeal diverticulum